Table 6.
Effects of Welfare and Employment Programs on Type of Care, Depression, and Parenting by Prior Levels of Disadvantage
| OUTCOME | MOST DISADVANTAGED
|
MODERATELY DISADVANTAGED
|
LEAST DISADVANTAGED
|
p-VALUE FROM χ2 TEST
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Mean (1) | Effect (2) | Control Mean (3) | Effect (4) | Control Mean (5) | Effect (6) | (2) vs. (4) vs. (6) (7) | (2) vs. (4) (8) | |
| Type of child care: | ||||||||
| Only center-based care (%) | 21.064 | −3.006 (2.188) | 19.267 | 2.261+ (1.359) | 20.066 | 2.413 (3.191) | .110 | .043* |
| Only home-based care (%) | 18.220 | 9.456*** (2.648) | 25.542 | 2.820+ (1.556) | 32.348 | −4.006 (3.614) | .008** | .033* |
| Mixed care (%) | 16.456 | 5.878* (2.265) | 31.511 | 1.240 (1.552) | 37.490 | 4.908 (3.905) | .208 | .094+ |
| Depression: CES-D | 15.110 | 1.667* (.820) | 14.094 | 3.053 (.407) | 12.767 | 1.243 (.970) | .112 | .063+ |
| Parenting: | ||||||||
| Warmth | .026 | .014 (.026) | −.124 | .004 (.014) | −.159 | .001 (.027) | .930 | .739 |
| Harsh | −.079 | .189 (.154) | .078 | −.028 (.057) | −.087 | .159 (.107) | .168 | .190 |
| Aggravation | .191 | .086 (.064) | −.061 | −.009 (.028) | −.229 | .011 (.058) | .403 | .181 |
| N by levela | 1,287 | 4,157 | 731 | |||||
| Total N | 6,175 | |||||||
Note.—CES-D = the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Control group mean is the adjusted mean of the outcome for children or parents in the control group. Effect represents the regression coefficient of treatment status. Standard errors are in parentheses. Regressions include the following covariates: marital status, number of children, and parent’s age at random assignment, as well as child’s gender, race, program site, and type of reporter (parent, teacher, and test score).
a
Sample size for achievement-level observations for economic and child-care outcomes.
+
p < .10.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.