Table 1.

Regions specific affects of multiple stressors on synaptic plasticity.

Region	Stress	Structure/function adaptation (references)	Clinical findings (reference)
PL	Restraint	↓Dendritic length (Cook and Wellman, 2004; Radley et al., 2006)	↓Volume (Drevets et al., 1998; Videbech and Ravnkilde, 2004; Koolschijn et al., 2009)
		↓Spine density (Radley et al., 2006, 2008)	↓CBF and metabolism (Drevets et al., 2008)
		↓Thin spines (Radley et al., 2008)
IL	Restraint	↓Dendritic length (Goldwater et al., 2009; Shansky et al., 2009)	N/A
		↓Spine density (Goldwater et al., 2009)
		BLA-projectinga (Shansky and Morrison, 2008)
oPFC	Restraint	↑Dendritic length (Liston et al., 2009)	↓Volume (Drevets et al., 2008)
Amy	Restraint†	↑Dendritic length† (Vyas et al., 2003; Mitra et al., 2005)	↑Volume (Bremner et al., 2000)
	Inhibitory avoidance*	↑Spine density† (Vyas et al., 2006)	↓Volume (Caetano et al., 2004)
		↓Spine density† (Bennur et al., 2007)	↑CBF (Drevets et al., 2008)
		↑Firing rate* (Pelletier et al., 2005)
Hip	Restraint	↓Dendritic length (Magarinos and McEwen, 1995; Sousa et al., 2000)	↓Volume (Bremner et al., 2000; Videbech and Ravnkilde, 2004)
		↑Synaptic vesicle density (Magarinos et al., 1997)	↓CBF and metabolism (Drevets et al., 2008)
NAc	CSDS‡	↑Stubby spines† (Christoffel et al., 2011)	↓Volume (Pizzagalli et al., 2009; Wacker et al., 2009)
	Forced swim**	↑mEPSCs† (Christoffel et al., 2011)	↓Reduced responsiveness to rewards (Pizzagalli et al., 2009; Wacker et al., 2009)
		↑Inward rectification† (Vialou et al., 2010)
		↑AMPA/NMDA ratio* (Campioni et al., 2009)
VTA	CSDS	↑Firing rate of DA neurons (Krishnan et al., 2007)	N/A

^†Restraint stress.

^*Inhibtory avoidance.

^‡CSDS.

^**Forced swim.

Amy, amygdala; BLA, basolateral amygdala; Hip, hippocampus; IL, infra-limbic cortex; NAc, nucleus accumbens; oPFC, orbital frontal cortex; PL, prelimbic cortex; VTA, ventral tegmental area; AMPA, α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate; CBF, cerebral blood flow; DA, dopamine; mEPSCs, miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents; NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate; N/A, not available.

^aNo change.