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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Struct Equ Modeling. 2011 Jan 1;18(3):357–369. doi: 10.1080/10705511.2011.582001

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Hypothetical data set with potential outcomes. Shading indicates missing data. Y(0) represents the value of the outcome under the control condition and Y(1) represents the value of the outcome under the treatment condition. Z represents pre-treatment confounders.