Table 1. Participants characteristics including body composition measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and computed tomography (CT).
| No MS (n = 268) | MS (n = 297) | P-value | |||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
| Age (years) | 72.5 | 6.9 | 73.6 | 7.4 | 0.067 |
| Male (n, %) | 159 | 59.3% | 128 | 43.1% | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 128.9 | 17.7 | 136.6 | 16.6 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 81.6 | 11.0 | 85.0 | 10.4 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.1 | 3.0 | 25.5 | 2.9 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 82.8 | 9.0 | 90.3 | 7.9 | <0.001 |
| Smoking | 0.037 | ||||
| Current smoker (n, %) | 37 | 13.8% | 32 | 10.8% | |
| Ex-smoker (n, %) | 89 | 33.2% | 76 | 25.6% | |
| Never smoker (n, %) | 142 | 53.0% | 189 | 63.6% | |
| Alcohol | 0.008 | ||||
| Current drinker (n, %) | 89 | 33.5% | 66 | 22.3% | |
| Ex-drinker (n, %) | 41 | 15.4% | 44 | 14.9% | |
| Never drinker (n, %) | 136 | 51.1% | 186 | 62.8% | |
| Regular exercise (n, %) | 166 | 62.6% | 160 | 54.4% | 0.049 |
| Medication | |||||
| Antihypertensive medication | 89 | 33.2% | 160 | 53.9% | <0.001 |
| Antidiabetic medication | 26 | 9.7% | 73 | 23.6% | <0.001 |
| Lipid lowering medication | 30 | 11.2% | 40 | 13.5% | 0.445 |
| By DXA | |||||
| Whole body muscle mass (kg) | 37.1 | 7.2 | 36.9 | 37.1 | 0.801 |
| Whole body fat mass (kg) | 18.5 | 7.4 | 24.3 | 18.5 | <0.001 |
| Android fat mass (kg) | 1.6 | 0.7 | 2.1 | 1.6 | <0.001 |
| Gynoid fat mass (kg) | 2.6 | 0.9 | 3.2 | 2.6 | <0.001 |
| By CT | |||||
| Visceral adipose tissue (cm2) | 103.9 | 52.9 | 149.8 | 55.4 | <0.001 |
| Subcutaneous adipose tissue (cm2) | 134.2 | 68.4 | 189.4 | 66.8 | <0.001 |
| By cardiac CT angiography | |||||
| Coronary artery stenosis (%) | 20.1 | 21.6 | 25.6 | 25.2 | <0.001 |
| Biochemical data | |||||
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 104.2 | 41.4 | 171.6 | 107.8 | <0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 51.1 | 12.0 | 40.5 | 10.4 | <0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 129.2 | 33.9 | 127.4 | 35.5 | 0.532 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 104.9 | 20.0 | 117.5 | 29.0 | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin (µIU/mL) | 4.3 | 2.1 | 6.0 | 3.8 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR* | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.8 | 1.2 | <0.001 |
| A1C (%) | 5.9 | 0.7 | 6.3 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Adiponectin (µg/mL) | 10.1 | 6.1 | 7.4 | 5.1 | <0.001 |
| hsCRP (mg/dL) | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.413 |
*HOMA-IR; homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance.