Fig. 4.

Effect of coactivation training on the kinematics and EMG of reversals. A: average kinematics (n = 10 each trace) from a representative subject performed before (heavy solid black traces: both baseline blocks) and after reach training without (dashed blue: LOCOA) and with terminal coactivation (solid blue: HICOA). Scale bars and time indicator lines are as in Fig. 2. The time windows used for EMG averaging and analysis are shown at top. B: population analysis of peak elbow movement amplitude in reversal movements of training (BL) and test (TST) trials in the 0% and 10% CoA supersets. C: population analysis of realized CoA values at movement's termination. D: average EMG activities from the same movements as in A. For this panel, the vertical scale bar in A corresponds to a change in EMG of 20% MVC. E: population analysis of EMG activity within the 4 sampling intervals spanning flexion movement. Error bars indicate ±SE in all panels.