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Particle-dependent effects on cell viability in NR8383 cells. Mitochondrial activity of particle-treated AM shows (A) no impairment of cell viability after 4 h. (B) Particle treatment of 24 h reveals toxicity for ufTiO2 and DQ12 particles at concentrations of 20 μg/cm2 and above, whereas fTiO2 does not result in toxicity up to 80 μg/cm2. Figures represent mean ± SEM of three independent experiments, with ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001 vs. control (ANOVA with LSD post-hoc comparison).
