Table 3.

Frequency of concomitant nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug and psychotropic agent use during pregnancy

Drug	Women who used codeine during pregnancy: exposed group (n = 2,666)		Women who did not use opioids during pregnancy: unexposed group (n = 65,316)
	No.	%	No.	%
NSAIDs	759	28.5*	8,271	12.6
Ibuprofen	470	17.6*	6,269	9.6
Diclofenac	170	6.4*	703	1.1
Naproxen	85	3.2*	782	1.2
Othera	185	6.9*	1,323	2.0
Psychotropic agents	359	13.5*	3,159	4.8
Antidepressantsb	172	6.4*	1,935	3.0
Anxiolyticsc	132	4.9*	788	1.2
Hypnoticsd	86	3.2*	490	0.7
Antipsychoticse	60	2.2*	452	0.7

NSAIDS nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

^*Pearson’s χ² test P < 0.001 when compared with the unexposed control group

^aIncluding piroxicam, meloxicam, indomethacin, acetylsalicylic acid, ketoprofen, nabumetone, and tolfenamic acid

^bIncluding selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, mianserin, mirtazapine, and venlafaxine

^cIncluding diazepam, oxazepam, alprazolam, hydroxyzine, and buspirone

^dIncluding nitrazepam, flunitrazepam, zopiclone, and zolpidem

^eIncluding levomepromazine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, flupenthixol, zuclopenthixol, olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone