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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Alcohol. 2011 Sep;45(6):523–539. doi: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2011.02.305

Fig. 2. Effect of alcohol on innate and adaptive immune responses important for defense against pneumococcal infections.

Fig. 2

Ch- chronic alcohol, Ac- acute alcohol, LTA- lipotechoic acid, ply- pneumolysin, pn-pneumococcal, inflam- inflammatory, resp-response, APC- antigen presenting cell, cyt-cytokines, ↑- increase, ↓- decrease, ↔ - No change, *In most studies, #Effects of alcohol on stimulated cells