Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for study variables by support type (n = 1,359)
| Characteristics | Range | Miss.a % | No support (n = 886) |
Informal only (n = 229) |
Formal only (n = 56) |
Botha (n= 118) |
P(fχ2)b | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | M | SD | % | M | SD | % | M | SD | % | M | SD | ||||
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||||||||||||
| Age | 70–103 | 0 | 77.70 | 5.74 | 80.87c | 6.15 | 80.54c | 5.94 | 82.38c | 6.22 | 0.000 | ||||
| Female | 0 | 28.6c | 46.70c | 42.90 | 52.10c | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Income: USD ≤ 12,000 | 5.7 | 37.7c | 48.50 | 39.30 | 56.90c | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Education: <14 years | 0.8 | 55.6 | 60.70 | 50.00 | 56.90 | 0.411 | |||||||||
| Living alone | 1.4 | 37.2c | 42.40 | 55.40 | 61.70c | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Physical and cognitive health | |||||||||||||||
| Cog. imp.d | 2.3 | 9.7c | 21.40c | 7.10 | 22.30c | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Chronic conds.a | 0–5 | 0.1 | 1.46 | 1.11 | 1.89c | 1.16 | 1.89c | 1.07 | 1.98c | 1.36 | 0.000 | ||||
| Medications | 0–5 | 0.4 | 2.45 | 1.71 | 3.20c | 1.60 | 3.70c | 1.39 | 3.41c | 1.56 | 0.000 | ||||
| Func. lims.a | −0–16.12 | 4.9 | 2.54 | 2.98 | 6.39 | 4.34 | 4.87 | 3.74 | 8.29 | 4.69 | 0.000 | ||||
| Social networks | |||||||||||||||
| Children | −1.78–2.19 | 1.5 | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.15 | 0.96 | −0.33 | 0.96 | −0.07 | 1.09 | 0.008 | ||||
| Relatives | −1.33–2.51 | 1.5 | 0.04 | 0.99 | −0.04 | 1.05 | 0.01 | 1.06 | −0.12 | 0.95 | 0.246 | ||||
| Friends | −1.95–1.53 | 1.3 | 0.05 | 0.99 | −0.17c | 1.03 | 0.20 | 1.00 | −0.10 | 0.99 | 0.004 | ||||
| Psychological health | |||||||||||||||
| Dep. symptomsa (log) | 0–1.69 | 4.9 | 0.76 | 0.38 | 0.92c | 0.37 | 0.93c | 0.34 | 0.99c | 0.32 | 0.000 | ||||
a
Miss. = Missing data; Both = both informal and formal support; Cog. imp. = cognitive impairment; Chronic conds. = chronic conditions; Func. lims. = functional limitations; Dep. symptoms = depressive symptoms.
b
One-way ANOVA with post-hoc comparisons and Pearson χ2 analyses with adjusted standardized residuals were run to determine differences in means and proportions.
c
For means – indicates value is significantly different as compared to the value of those who receive no support at p < 0.01. For percentages – indicates observed values are significantly different from expected values at p<0.01.
d
Mini-Mental State Examination scaled score <23.