Table 4. Cox Regression Analyses for Mortality and Poor Outcome One Year after Hospital Admission.
| Mortality | Poor outcome (mortality or functional decline) | |||||||
| Variables | UnivariableHR (95% CI) | p-value | MultivariableHR (95% CI) | p-value | UnivariableHR (95% CI) | p-value | MultivariableHR (9% CI) | p-value |
| Male sex | 1.49 (1.14 to 1.93) | 0.01 | 1.33 (1.02 to 1.75) | 0.04 | 1.17 (0.94 to 1.44) | 0.15 | - | - |
| Age (per year) | 1.04 (1.01 to 1.04) | 0.01 | - | - | 1.03 (1.02 to 1.05) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.04) | 0.01 |
| Charlson comorbidity score (per point) | 1.21 (1.15 to 1.28) | <0.001 | 1.19 (1.13 to 1.26) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.10 to 1.20) | <0.001 | 1.16 (1.11 to 1.21) | <0.001 |
| Polypharmacy | 1.04 (0.80 to 1.37) | 0.75 | 1.10 (0.88 to 1.36) | 0.42 | ||||
| Malnutrition | 2.18 (1.65 to 2.89) | <0.001 | 1.80 (1.35 to 2.40) | <0.001 | 1.55 (1.25 to 1.92) | <0.001 | 1.41 (1.13 to 1.75) | 0.01 |
| Obesity | 0.34 (0.18 to 0.64) | 0.01 | 0.50 (0.26 to 0.97) | 0.04 | 0.70 (0.49 to 0.99) | 0.05 | - | - |
| Fall risk | 1.71 (1.28 to 2.30) | <0.001 | 1.48 (1.09 to 2.01) | 0.01 | 1.57 (1.23 to 2.00) | <0.001 | 1.32 (1.03 to 1.70) | 0.03 |
| Presence of a pressure ulcer | 2.74 (1.46 to 5.17) | 0.01 | - | - | 2.17 (1.20 to 3.92) | 0.01 | - | - |
| Indwelling urinary catheter | 1.47 (1.10 to 1.97) | 0.10 | - | - | 1.63 (1.30 to 2.05) | <0.001 | - | - |
| Incontinence | 1.05 (0.77 to 1.44) | 0.74 | 1.00 (0.77 to 1.30) | 0.98 | ||||
| Constipation | 1.25 (0.91 to 1.73) | 0.17 | - | - | 1.13 (0.87 to 1.48) | 0.36 | ||
| Cognitive impairment (per MMSE point) | 0.96 (0.95 to 0.98) | <0.001 | - | - | 0.96 (0.95 to 0.98) | <0.001 | - | - |
| Prevalent delirium | 2.10 (1.57 to 2.81) | <0.001 | 1.46 (1.02 to 2.09) | 0.04 | 1.95 (1.53 to 2.48) | <0.001 | 1.52 (1.14 to 2.03) | 0.01 |
| ADL impairment (per point) | 1.21 (1.14 to 1.29) | <0.001 | - | - | 1.13 (1.08 to 1.20) | <0.001 | - | - |
| IADL impairment (per point) | 1.18 (1.12 to 1.24) | <0.001 | 1.13 (1.06 to 1.19) | <0.001 | 1.15 (1.11 to 1.20) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.03 to 1.14) | 0.01 |
| Vision impairment | 0.94 (0.67 to 1.30) | 0.70 | 1.05 (0.81 to 1.35) | 0.73 | ||||
| Hearing impairment | 1.24 (0.90 to 1.72) | 0.19 | - | - | 1.26 (0.97 to 1.64) | 0.08 | - | - |
| Mobility difficulty | 1.44 (1.10 to 1.89) | 0.10 | - | - | 1.60 (1.28 to 1.99) | <0.001 | - | - |
Field marked with a – indicates that the variable had a p<0.20 in the univariable Cox regression analysis and was entered into the multivariable Cox regression model.
HR = Hazard Ratio, CI = confidence interval.
MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination, range of scores between 0–30, a higher score indicates better global cognitive functioning.
ADL = activities of daily living, range of scores between 0–6, a higher score indicates more dependence in ADL, IADL = instrumental activities of daily living, range of scores between 0–8, a higher score indicates more dependence in IADL.
Functional decline was defined as a loss of at least 1 point on the Katz ADL index score one year after admission compared to premorbid functioning two weeks prior to hospital admission.