Table 1. Studies directly assessing temporally graded retrograde amnesia using contextual fear conditioning in rats.
Memory task | Damage | Lesion technique | RA duration1 (days) | Reference |
Context fear | 25% dorsal | Electrolytic | 1 (27) | Kim and Fanselow (1992) |
Context fear | 25% dorsal | Electrolytic | 1 (49) | Anagnostaras et al. (1999) |
Context fear | 40% dorsal | Neurotoxic (NMDA) | 28 (71) | Maren et al. (1997) |
Context fear | 40% dorsal | Neurotoxic (NMDA) | Flat (180) | Lehmann, Lacanilao et al. (2007) |
Context fear | 85% d+v | Neurotoxic (NMDA) | Flat (180) | Lehmann, Lacanilao et al. (2007) |
Context fear | 40% dorsal | Neurotoxic (NMDA) | Flat (84) | Sutherland et al. (2008) |
Context fear | 40% ventral | Neurotoxic (NMDA) | Flat (84) | Sutherland et al. (2008) |
Context fear | 85% d+v | Neurotoxic (NMDA) | Flat (84) | Sutherland et al. (2008) |
Context fear | 70% d+v | Neurotoxic (NMDA) | 1 (28) | Winocur et al. (2009) |
Context fear | 85% d+v | Neurotoxic (NMDA) | Flat (35) | Sparks et al. (current study) |
RA duration is the number of days between learning and surgery at which there is significant RA. In brackets is a measure of uncertainty in the duration of RA indexed by the difference in days between the interval at which there is significant RA and the first remote interval when retention is significantly better.