Table 1.
Maternal and Infant Characteristics of the Cerebral Palsy and No Cerebral Palsy Subjects
| Cerebral Palsy (N = 102) | No Cerebral Palsy (N = 653) | p value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Age - years - Mean ± SD | 27±6 | 27±7 | 0.67 |
| Married - no. (%) | 44 (44) | 285 (44) | 1.00 |
| African American - no. (%) | 60 (59) | 293 (45) | 0.01 |
| Educational level - no. (%) | 0.79 | ||
| ≤ 9th grade | 11 (11) | 88 (14) | |
| 10th – 12th grade | 18 (19) | 110 (17) | |
| > 12th grade | 68 (70) | 442 (69) | |
| Insurance - no. (%) | 0.02 | ||
| Medicaid | 79 (81) | 432 (68) | |
| Private | 15 (15) | 153 (24) | |
| Other/none (HMO and Self-pay) | 3 (3) | 54 (8) | |
| Pregnancy complications - no. (%) | |||
| Multiple birth | 18 (18) | 147 (23) | 0.30 |
| Hypertension (incl. pre-eclampsia and eclampsia) | 19 (19) | 189 (29) | 0.03 |
| Any rupture of membranes prior to delivery | 64 (72) | 476 (80) | 0.10 |
| Rupture of membranes > 24 hours | 22 (22) | 154 (24) | 0.71 |
| Antenatal steroids | 77 (76) | 518 (79) | 0.51 |
| Maternal antibiotics | 66 (65) | 470 (72) | 0.16 |
| Antepartum hemorrhage | 17 (17) | 90 (14) | 0.44 |
| Mode of delivery | 0.91 | ||
| Vaginal | 40 (39) | 250 (38) | |
| Cesarean section | 62 (61) | 403 (62) | |
| Infant characteristics - no. (%) | |||
| Gestational age - wk, Mean ± SD | Mean 25.5±1.9 | Mean 26.2±1.9 | < 0.001 |
| Birth weight - g, Mean ± SD | Mean 735±136 | Mean 784±132 | < 0.001 |
| Male | 56 (55) | 288 (44) | 0.04 |
| Inborn | 89 (87) | 619 (95) | 0.007 |
| Chest compressions and/or drugs at birth | 16 (16) | 52 (8) | 0.02 |
| Early onset sepsis | 1 (1) | 7 (1) | 1.00 |
| Late onset sepsis | 48 (47) | 251 (39) | 0.10 |
| Full antibiotic course at birth (≥ 5 days) | 61 (60) | 298 (46) | 0.01 |
| Prophylactic indomethacin | 25 (25) | 148 (23) | 0.70 |
| Periventricular leukomalacia | 13 (13) | 18 (3) | < 0.001 |
| Porencephalic cyst at 36 weeks | 6 (6) | 2 (0.3) | < 0.001 |
| No intraventricular hemorrhage | 49 (48) | 477 (74) | < 0.001 |
| Intraventricular hemorrhage - grade 1 | 15 (15) | 64 (10) | |
| Intraventricular hemorrhage - grade 2 | 7 (7) | 49 (8) | |
| Intraventricular hemorrhage - grade 3 | 11 (11) | 33 (5) | |
| Intraventricular hemorrhage - grade 4 | 20 (20) | 24 (4) | |
| Meningitis | 12 (12) | 26 (4) | 0.003 |
| Neonatal seizures | 24 (24) | 33 (5) | < 0.001 |
| Bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks | 68 (67) | 303 (46) | < 0.001 |
| Steroids for bronchopulmonary dysplasia | 40 (39) | 152 (23) | < 0.001 |
| Necrotizing enterocolitis ≥ Stage II | 12 (12) | 46 (7) | 0.11 |
| Retinopathy of prematurity | 86 (86) | 421 (67) | < 0.001 |
| Retinopathy of prematurity with surgery | 33 (33) | 70 (11) | < 0.001 |
*
p values are from Fisher exact test for categorical variables and from Wilcoxon two-sample test (t approximation) for continuous variables. Chi-square is used for mothers’ education level, mothers’ insurance, and intraventricular hemorrhage.