Table 3.
Smoking and Drinking Characteristics of Central Virginia Smokers and Nonsmokers at risk for Alcohol-Exposed Pregnancy
| |
Nonsmokers n=108 |
Smokers n=109 |
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Test statistic |
| How many days do you smoke of 30 days? | 0 | 0 | 24.3 | 9.7 | tS(109)=−26.14**** |
| Cigarettes per day | 0 | 0 | 9.0 | 7.3 | tS(109)=−13.01**** |
| Minutes after waking until first cigarette | N/A | N/A | 27.5 | 48.8 | |
| Smoking within 10 minutes of waking (n=79) | N/A | N/A | 48 | 60.8% | |
| Smoking within 30 minutes of waking (n=79) | N/A | N/A | 62 | 78.5% | |
| Age of first drink | 15.7 | 2.7 | 14.9 | 3.1 | t(219)=2.10* |
| Years between first drink and regular drinking | 3.3 | 4.5 | 2.8 | 3.6 | t(215)=1.00 |
| How many days in 30 with at least one drink? | 9.7 | 7.7 | 13.3 | 9.7 | t(215)=−3.02** |
| Number of drinks before feeling effects | 2.78 | 2.4 | 3.57 | 2.7 | tS(171)=−1.74 |
| How many drinks to intoxication? | 3.6 | 5.0 | 5.75 | 6.9 | tS(197)=−2.59* |
| Drinks/week in 90 days (TLFB) | 10.6 | 14.8 | 18.8 | 23.9 | tS(184)=−3.06** |
| Drinks/drinking day in 90 days | 4.0 | 2.6 | 5.1 | 4.9 | tS(170)=−2.05* |
| Drinking days in 90 | 31.1 | 21.8 | 43.9 | 24.5 | t(218)=−4.07**** |
| Binges (4+) in 90 days | 13.8 | 16.8 | 23.7 | 24.1 | tS(197)=3.52*** |
| n | p | n | p | ||
| How often do you smoke? | chi-square(2 df )=221.0**** | ||||
| Not at all | 110 | 100% | 0 | 0 | |
| Some days | 0 | 0 | 34 | 30.6% | |
| Every day | 0 | 0 | 77 | 69.4% | |
| DSM-IV alcohol use disorders by M.I.N.I. | chi-square(2)=7.14* | ||||
| None | 51 | 46.8% | 33 | 30.0% | |
| Abuse | 25 | 22.9% | 28 | 25.5% | |
| Dependent | 33 | 30.3% | 49 | 44.6% | |
| In outpatient mental health treatment currently | 4 | 3.6% | 12 | 10.8 | chi-square(1)=4.34* |
| Has had outpatient substance abuse treatment | 4 | 3.6% | 13 | 11.7% | chi-square(1)=5.07* |
| Has had inpatient substance abuse treatment | 4 | 4.6% | 14 | 12.6% | chi-square(1)=4.58* |
| Has attended AA meetings | 5 | 4.6% | 23 | 20.7% | chi-square(1)=13.06** |
| Frequency of drinking | chi-square(3)=7.87* | ||||
| Monthly or less | 9 | 8.2% | 7 | 6.3% | |
| 2–4 times/month | 33 | 30.0% | 19 | 17.1% | |
| 2–3 times/week | 49 | 44.6% | 52 | 46.9% | |
| 4+ times/week | 19 | 17.3% | 33 | 29.7% | |
| Drinks per day (Q/F measure) | chi-square(4)=14.34** | ||||
| 1–2 | 21 | 19.3% | 11 | 9.9% | |
| 3–4 | 43 | 39.5% | 32 | 28.8% | |
| 5–6 | 26 | 23.9% | 25 | 22.5% | |
| 7–9 | 13 | 11.9% | 26 | 23.4% | |
| 10+ | 6 | 5.5% | 17 | 15.3% | |
| Frequency of heavy drinking (6 or more drinks over 12 months from AUDIT-C) | chi-square(4)=11.50* | ||||
| Never | 8 | 7.3% | 6 | 5.4% | |
| Less than monthly | 42 | 38.1% | 26 | 23.4% | |
| Monthly | 29 | 26.4% | 26 | 23.4% | |
| Weekly | 27 | 24.6% | 40 | 36.0% | |
| Daily/almost daily | 4 | 3.6% | 13 | 11.7% | |
S
t test used Satterthwaite method to correct for unequal variances.
*
p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001; ****p<0.0001.
AA, Alcoholics Anonymous; AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorder Test-C; M.I.N.I., Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview; N/A, not applicable; Q/F, quantity and frequency.