Table 4.
OR (95% CI) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spirits ≥ 31 cL/session | Beer ≥ 6 bottles/session | Wine ≥ 51 cL/session | Fortified wine ≥ 38 cL/session | Bingeing with any beverage/session | Being drunk ≥ 1 times/week | |
Category of adverse childhood experiences (ACE), adjusted for | ||||||
Model 1 | ||||||
Parents alcohol problem | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.49 (1.05–2.12) | 2. 23 (1.20–4.16) | 2.46 (1.29–4.69) | 1.53 (0.87–2.70) | 1.54 (1.11–2.13) | 1.29 (0.78–2.13) |
Parental death | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.07 (0.79–1.46) | 0.75 (0.35–1.58) | 1.12 (0.56–2.23) | 1.32 (0.80–2.18) | 1.05 (0.80–1.40) | 0.80 (0.49–1.30) |
Parent's divorce | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.10 (0.50–2.42) | 0.67 (0.09–4.99) | 1.25 (0.29–5.46) | 1.07 (0.36–3.15) | 1.27 (0.63–2.56) | 2.04 (0.84–4.93) |
Poor parenting | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.46 (1.13–1.88) | 1.40 (0.83–2.35) | 1.48 (0.86–2.52) | 1.04 (0.66–1.64) | 1.48 (1.17–1.87) | 1.38 (0.96–1.97) |
Quarrelsome home | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.76 (1.24–2.49) | 1.12 (0.50–2.48) | 1.98 (0.98–4.02) | 1.34 (0.73–2.45) | 1.64 (1.18–2.28) | 1.19 (0.70–2.01) |
Unhappy childhood | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.73 (1.21–2.49) | 1.47 (0.66–3.28) | 1.43 (0.60–3.44) | 1.13 (0.56–2.27) | 1.65 (1.17–2.33) | 1.22 (0.70–2.13) |
ACE score | ||||||
0 (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
1 | 1.56 (1.06–2.29) | 3.24 (1.15–9.11) | 1.92 (0.79–4.67) | 1.89 (0.97–3.68) | 1.56 (1.10–2.20) | 1.38 (0.82–2.34) |
2 | 1.79 (1.19–2.68) | 2.00 (0.65–6.15) | 1.86 (0.72–4.83) | 2.47 (1.24–4.92) | 1.77 (1.23–2.54) | 1.35 (0.76–2.38) |
3 | 2.57 (1.65–3.98) | 4.02 (1.30–12.42) | 4.35 (1.67–11.31) | 2.24 (1.02–4.91) | 2.49 (1.68–3.71) | 1.81 (0.98–3.36) |
P < 0.001* | P = 0.030 | P = 0.002 | P = 0.020 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.068 | |
Model 2 | ||||||
Parents alcohol problem | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.52 (1.06–2.16) | 2.21 (1.18–4.11) | 2.18 (1.14–4.16) | 1.56 (0.87–2.78) | 1.57 (1.13–2.19) | 1.31 (0.79–2.18) |
Parental death | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.02 (0.75–1.39) | 0.74 (0.35–1.56) | 1.13 (0.56–2.26) | 1.13 (0.68–1.90) | 1.02 (0.78–1.36) | 0.78 (0.48–1.26) |
Parent's divorce | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.28 (0.57–2.85) | 0.73 (0.10–5.45) | 1.33 (0.30–5.87) | 1.21 (0.40–3.71) | 1.46 (0.71–3.00) | 2.35 (0.96–5.76) |
Poor parenting | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.46 (1.13–1.89) | 1.38 (0.82–2.34) | 1.44 (0.84–2.47) | 1.03 (0.65–1.66) | 1.50 (1.18–1.91) | 1.38 (0.65–1.01) |
Quarrelsome home | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.65 (1.15–2.35) | 1.10 (0.49–2.44) | 1.88 (0.92–3.86) | 1.17 (0.63–2.19) | 1.56 (1.11–2.18) | 1.13 (0.66–1.91) |
Unhappy childhood | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.58 (1.09–2.29) | 1.48 (0.66–3.31) | 1.35 (0.56–3.27) | 1.05 (0.51–2.15) | 1.53 (1.08–2.18) | 1.13 (0.65–1.98) |
ACE score | ||||||
0 (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
1 | 1.32 (0.89–1.96) | 3.13 (1.11–8.83) | 1.70 (0.70–4.16) | 1.48 (0.75–2.95) | 1.35 (0.95–1.92) | 1.21 (0.72–2.06) |
2 | 1.44 (0.95–2.20) | 1.84 (0.60–5.70) | 1.68 (0.64–4.39) | 1.81 (0.88–3.72) | 1.50 (1.03–2.18) | 1.17 (0.66–2.88) |
3 | 2.17 (1.38–3.42) | 4.04 (1.30–12.55) | 4.14 (1.57–10.95) | 1.84 (0.80–4.22) | 2.26 (1.50–3.42) | 1.56 (0.83–2.91) |
P = 0.001 | P = 0.038 | P = 0.005 | P = 0.116 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.186 | |
Model 3 | ||||||
Parents alcohol problem | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.52 (1.06–2.18) | 2.14 (1.14–4.00) | 2.24 (1.17–4.26) | 1.45 (0.81–2.60) | 1.56 (1.12–2.18) | 1.26 (0.76–2.09) |
Parental death | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.03 (0.76–1.40) | 0.72 (0.34–1.51) | 1.08 (0.54–2.16) | 1.23 (0.74–2.06) | 1.03 (0.77–1.37) | 0.78 (0.48–1.26) |
Parent's divorce | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.14 (0.49–2.67) | 0.77 (0.10–5.81) | 1.39 (0.31–6.13) | 1.30 (0.43–4.02) | 1.36 (0.64–2.87) | 2.33 (0.95–5.72) |
Poor parenting | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.49 (1.15–1.94) | 1.40 (0.83–2.37) | 1.46 (0.85–2.51) | 1.05 (0.66–1.68) | 1.52 (1.20–1.94) | 1.40 (0.98–2.01) |
Quarrelsome home | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.76 (1.23–2.53) | 1.10 (0.49–2.45) | 1.86 (0.91–3.81) | 1.33 (0.72–2.48) | 1.65 (1.17–2.32) | 1.19 (0.70–2.02) |
Unhappy childhood | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.67 (1.16–2.42) | 1.36 (0.61–3.05) | 1.29 (0.54–3.11) | 1.02 (0.50–2.08) | 1.57 (1.11–2.23) | 1.14 (0.65–2.08) |
ACE score | ||||||
0 (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
1 | 1.35 (0.91–2.00) | 3.05 (1.08–8.60) | 1.70 (0.70–4.15) | 1.81 (0.89–3.67) | 1.42 (1.00–2.02) | 1.30 (0.77–2.20) |
2 | 1.48 (0.97–2.25) | 1.82 (0.59–5.63) | 1.73 (0.66–4.50) | 2.39 (1.14–5.00) | 1.57 (1.08–2.30) | 1.28 (0.72–2.26) |
3 | 2.32 (1.48–3.66) | 3.80 (1.23–11.79) | 3.94 (1.50–10.33) | 2.27 (0.98–5.24) | 2.43 (1.60–3.67) | 1.68 (0.90–3.13) |
P < 0.001 | P = 0.047 | P = 0.006 | P = 0.035 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.112 | |
Model 4 | ||||||
Parents alcohol problem | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.37 (0.89–2.10) | 2.06 (1.04–4.09) | 2.30 (1.11–4.77) | 1.31 (0.68–2.55) | 1.51 (1.00–2.26) | 0.88 (0.44–1.75) |
Parental death | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.09 (0.76–1.57) | 0.73 (0.33–1.63) | 1.20 (0.56–2.64) | 1.28 (0.72–2.29) | 1.09 (0.78–1.54) | 0.68 (0.35–1.31) |
Parent's divorce | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 0.91 (0.32–2.59) | 0.85 (0.11–6.68) | 0.68 (0.08–5.51) | 0.67 (0.15–2.89) | 0.97 (0.37–2.51) | 2.52 (0.81–7.86) |
Poor parenting | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.34 (0.98–1.82) | 1.27 (0.72–2.26) | 1.65 (0.91–2.99) | 1.04 (0.62–1.76) | 1.46 (1.09–1.94) | 1.13 (0.70–1.83) |
Quarrelsome home | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 2.17 (1.44–3.27) | 1.26 (1.44–3.27) | 2.97 (1.39–6.34) | 1.93 (0.99–3.75) | 1.99 (1.34–2.96) | 1.42 (0.73–2.77) |
Unhappy childhood | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 2.00 (1.32–3.05) | 1.56 (0.66–3.69) | 1.55 (0.59–4.06) | 0.98 (0.43–2.22) | 1.78 (1.18–2.67) | 1.42 (0.70–2.86) |
ACE score | ||||||
0 (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
1 | 1.80 (1.14–2.86) | 2.85 (0.98–8.27) | 2.84 (0.94–8.60) | 1.80 (0.87–3.70) | 1.93 (1.26–2.96) | 1.18 (0.63–2.20) |
2 | 1.70 (1.04–2.80) | 1.62 (0.51–5.21) | 2.45 (0.75–7.94) | 2.15 (1.00–4.61) | 1.87 (1.18–2.96) | 0.82 (0.40–1.66) |
3 | 3.43 (2.02–5.83) | 3.85 (1.19–12.46) | 7.91 (2.42–25.82) | 2.31 (0.94–5.67) | 3.72 (2.27–6.12) | 1.70 (0.80–3.63) |
P < 0.001 | P = 0.062 | P = 0.001 | P = 0.062 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.303 | |
Model 5 | ||||||
Parents alcohol problem | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.36 (0.87–2.11) | 2.04 (1.03–4.03) | 2.12 (1.03–4.36) | 1.32 (0.67–2.60) | 1.50 (1.00–2.28) | 0.87 (0.43–1.75) |
Parental death | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.02 (0.70–1.49) | 0.72 (0.32–1.60) | 1.13 (0.52–2.44) | 1.10 (0.60–1.99) | 1.05 (0.74–1.48) | 0.64 (0.34–1.23) |
Parent's divorce | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.16 (0.37–3.65) | 0.87 (0.11–6.92) | 0.70 (0.08–6.11) | 0.70 (0.15–3.54) | 1.30 (0.47–3.59) | 2.57 (0.77–8.54) |
Poor parenting | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.36 (0.99–1.88) | 1.28 (0.72–2.28) | 1.62 (0.89–2.95) | 1.03 (0.60–1.77) | 1.51 (1.12–2.03) | 1.11 (0.68–1.80) |
Quarrelsome home | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.99 (1.29–3.07) | 1.26 (0.54–2.93) | 2.61 (1.20–5.69) | 1.66 (0.83–3.34) | 1.88 (1.24–2.85) | 1.28 (0.65–2.52) |
Unhappy childhood | ||||||
No (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 1.80 (1.17–2.77) | 1.51 (0.64–3.61) | 1.40 (0.53–3.72) | 0.84 (0.36–1.95) | 1.60 (1.05–2.43) | 1.27 (0.62–2.58) |
ACE score | ||||||
0 (referent) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
1 | 1.36 (0.85–2.18) | 2.74 (0.95–7.93) | 2.30 (0.77–6.93) | 1.61 (0.74–3.49) | 1.64 (1.05–2.55) | 1.02 (0.55–1.92) |
2 | 1.18 (0.71–1.98) | 1.48 (0.46–4.78) | 1.93 (0.59–6.29) | 1.66 (0.73–3.78) | 1.49 (0.92–2.41) | 0.65 (0.31–1.33) |
3 | 2.57 (1.49–4.43) | 3.62 (1.12–11.73) | 5.98 (1.83–19.50) | 1.83 (0.71–4.71) | 3.14 (1.88–5.26) | 1.35 (0.62–2.92) |
P = 0.002 | P = 0.077 | P = 0.005 | P = 0.212 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.721 |
*Test for trend for ACE score categories (0, 1, 2, 3).
Model 1: adjusted for age, examination year.
Model 2: the same as model 1 and childhood socioeconomic position, education.
Model 3: the same as model 1 and adulthood socioeconomic position (income level, occupation).
Model 4: the same as model 1 and behavioural factors in adulthood (body mass index, leisure time physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption).
Model 5: the same as model 2 and adulthood socioeconomic position, and behavioural factors in adulthood.