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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Glia. 2011 Sep 7;60(1):29–42. doi: 10.1002/glia.21243

Figure 11. Relationship between TLR2 and signaling pathways regulating IL-12 family member expression in microglia.

Figure 11

Intact Gram-positive bacteria trigger TLR9 activation via CpG DNA, which stimulates IL-12 family member production. In the absence of TLR2, TLR9 activation remains unchecked, resulting in exaggerated cytokine release. Both PI3K and MAPK pathways influence IL-12 expression in response to intact bacteria.