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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Jun 16;70(5):408–414. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.05.005

Figure 2. Paternal transmission of stress-induced depression- and anxiety-like behaviors via IVF.

Figure 2

(A) Chronic social defeat stress induced robust social avoidance in male C57Bl6/J mice compared to control non-defeated mice (*p<0.05). Experimental time line including IVF and subsequent behavioral experiments. (B) Offspring derived from defeated or control fathers using IVF showed no social avoidance following a sub-maximal defeat paradigm. (C) IVF defeated male and female offspring did not differ in time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze compared to IVF control offspring. (D) There was a trend for increased locomotor activity in a novel environment in female IVF defeated offspring compared to female IVF control offspring (p=0.06), but no difference in males. (E) There was no difference in sucrose preference in either male or female IVF defeated offspring compared to IVF control offspring. (F) In comparison to IVF control offspring, both male and female IVF defeated offspring showed a small but significant decrease in latency to become immobile in the forced swim test (*p<0.05). All values represent means ± standard error of the mean.