Table 2.

Effects of Concentration of Black Patients in Hospitals, Nurse Staffing and Nurse Work Environment on Nurse-Reported Quality Outcomes (n = 568)

Nurse-reported quality outcome (% of nurses that reported:)	Unadjusted parameter estimate	P	Partially adjusted for nursing characteristics	P	Partially adjusted for hospital characteristics	P	Fully adjusted with state dummies	P
Not confident patients can manage their care upon discharge
Concentration of Blacks (< 11%; reference)
11%–23%	1.78	.21	1.43	.27	2.28	.12	2.25	.09
> 23%	7.12	<.001	6.54	<.001	7.79	<.001	7.78	<.001
Nurse staffing			1.54	<.01			2.22	<.001
Nurse work environment			−6.67	<.001			−6.83	<.001
Frequent patient/family complaints
Concentration of Blacks (< 11%; reference)
11%–23%	2.70	<.05	2.59	<.05	2.02	.11	1.48	.20
> 23%	2.25	.15	2.00	.18	1.26	.44	0.66	.66
Nurse staffing			1.84	<.001			2.02	<.001
Nurse work environment			−4.23	<.001			−3.75	<.001
Frequent central line infections
Concentration of Blacks (< 11%; reference)
11%–23%	4.43	<.001	4.07	<.001	2.62	.01	2.23	.02
> 23%	7.32	<.001	6.88	<.001	4.38	<.001	4.02	<.001
Nurse staffing			−1.37	<.001			−0.69	.12
Nurse work environment			−2.21	<.001			−1.95	<.001
Frequent ventilator-associated pneumonia
Concentration of Blacks (< 11%; reference)
11%–23%	2.95	.001	2.54	<.01	1.54	.09	1.37	.13
> 23%	5.74	<.001	5.26	<.001	3.56	<.01	3.54	<.01
Nurse staffing			−1.84	<.001			−1.10	<.01
Nurse work environment			−1.98	<.001			−1.91	<.001

Note. Partially adjusted models included controls for nursing (nurse staffing and nurse work environment) or hospital characteristics (bedsize, technology status, and teaching status, Medicare Case Mix Index).Parameter estimates for concentration of Blacks represent the change in the percentage of nurses reporting the outcome associated with being in hospitals where 11–23% as opposed to less than 11% of the patients are Black, and in hospitals where > 23% as opposed to less than 11% of the patients are Black. Parameter estimates for nurse staffing represent the change in the percentage of nurses reporting the outcome associated with an increase of one patient per nurse. Parameter estimates for nurse work environment represent the change in the percentage of nurses reporting the outcome associated with working in hospitals with better vs. mixed (or with mixed vs. poor) environments. State dummies include California, Florida, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.