See the text for a detailed explanation. Prior to Ral treatment, the MMP1 and PRUNE genes show modest levels of expression, as indicated by a reduced presence of the RNA polymerase II machinery (“Pol II Machinery”) relative to the condition with Ral. In this case, JNK1 and AP-1 are constitutively bound. Upon treatment with Ral, the tethering of ERα through DNA-bound AP-1 and JNK1 enzymatic activity are both stimulated. JNK1 may phosphorylate histones, ERα, coregulators (not shown) or components of the Pol II machinery. J = c-Jun; F = c-Fos.