Table 5.

Pressure Relief Practices

Author/Year/Country PEDro/D&B Score	Eligibility Criteria	Study Design and Methods	Outcome Measures	Results
Coggrave & Rose, 200334 UK D&B=14	Inclusion: No specific inclusion criteria were documented; however, patients selected were 13 females and 33 males who ranged in age from 20 to 83 years. No other details provided. Exclusion : Not specified.	Case Series: 46 SCI patients in a retrospective chart review.	Effect of pressure relief on TCPO2.	Mean duration of pressure relief required to raise tissue oxygen to unloaded levels was 1 min 51 sec (range 42 secs- 3½ min). Leaning forward with elbows, or chest on knees, leaning from side to side or tilting back in wheelchair to ≥ 65° all were effective for pressure relief to unloaded (raising TCPO2 levels) and were more easily sustained for most individuals than a pressure lift. Resulted in a change in practice at the seating clinic.
Henderson et al., 199435 USA D&B=12	Inclusion: Specific inclusion criteria not provided; however, individuals were from 22 to 67 years old, 9 were male and 1 was female. No further details provided. Exclusion: Not specified.	Case Series: 10 SCI subjects sat upright in a wheelchair in the neutral position; tipped backward at 35° & 65° assisted to lean forward (>45° from wheelchair backrest). Pressures were measured at ischial tuberosity (IT) (point pressure) and over a circumscribed area around the IT.	Pressure levels.	Average pressure in the resting seated position was189mmHg for point pressure area and 114mmHg for the circumscribed area. When patients were in the 65 backward tipped position, there was a 47% reduction in maximum point pressure and a 36% reduction in circumscribed area pressure. (p<0.05). In the leaning forward position, there was a 78% reduction in maximum point pressure and a 70% reduction in circumscribed area (p<0.05),

D&B = Downs and Black quality assessment scale score²⁵