Table 2.
Least Square Mean (LS Mean) BUA Measurement Among 337 Caucasian Postmenopausal Women by Demographic, dietary and other Lifestyle Factors
| BUA1 (dB/Mhz) | R Square of the Model (%) | P2 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), LS mean (SE),3 | 23.2% | <.0001 | |
| ≤ 54 years | 80.4 (2.8) | ||
| 55–64 years | 74.6 (1.6) | ||
| 65–74 years | 70.7 (1.6) | ||
| ≥ 75 years | 58.3 (1.6) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) 3 | 26.9% | <.0001 | |
| ≤ 20 | 56.2 (3.0) | ||
| 21–24 | 67.9 (1.5) | ||
| 25–29 | 70.1 (1.5) | ||
| ≥ 30 | 72.9 (1.7) | ||
| Education Level 3 | 25.3% | 0.09 | |
| No Bachelor’s degree | 67.9 (1.1) | ||
| Bachelor’s degree | 69.5 (2.0) | ||
| Graduate degree | 73.1 (2.1) | ||
| Estrogen Usage 3 | 30.8% | <.0001 | |
| Past/Never Users | 66.5 (1.0) | ||
| Current Users | 76.3 (1.6) | ||
| Smoking Status 3 | 25.4% | 0.44 | |
| Never smokers | 69.3 (0.9) | ||
| Ever smokers | 66.7 (3.2) | ||
| Soy milk intake 3 | 25.9% | 0.25 | |
| Never (0/month) | 69.7 (1.3) | ||
| Once a month or more (1–29 per month) | 66.7 (1.7) | ||
| Once a day or more (30+ per month) | 70.3 (1.7) | ||
| Dairy Consumption 3 | 28.2% | <.0001 | |
| Less than twice a week (0–7/month) | 65.2 (1.38) | ||
| Twice a week or more (8–29/month) | 70.8 (1.60) | ||
| Once a day or more (30+/month) | 72.6 (1.58) | ||
| Self-reported Health Status 3 | 25.6% | 0.05 | |
| Excellent/Good | 69.7 (0.9) | ||
| Fair/Poor | 64.2 (2.6) | ||
| History of Minor Accident Fractures 3 | 25.9% | 0.1 | |
| No | 69.8 (1.0) | ||
| Yes | 66.2 (1.9) | ||
| Physical Activity Level (Walk/Run/Jog)3 | 26.3% | 0.64 | |
| Level 1 (None) | 69.3 (2.0) | ||
| Level 2 (1–104 min/wk) | 67.2 (1.9) | ||
| Level 3 (105–174 min/wk) | 69.4 (1.6) | ||
| Level 4 (≥ 175 min/wk) | 70.4 (1.8) | ||
| Vegetarian Status 3 | 25.3% | 0.63 | |
| Vegetarians (<1x/month) | 68.7 (1.1) | ||
| Meat Eaters (1+ per month) | 69.6 (1.5) | ||
| Soyfood (Tofu, Soy cheese) intake 3 | 24.6 | 0.92 | |
| Never (0/month) | 69.8 (1.7) | ||
| Less than twice a week (1–7 per month) | 69.1 (1.4) | ||
| Twice a week or more (8+ per month) | 68.8 (1.5) | ||
| Calcium Supplement 3 | |||
| Never Users | 69.4 (1.4) | 25.8% | 0.31 |
| Use for less than 5 years | 67.1 (1.6) | ||
| Use for 5 years or more | 70.5 (1.6) | ||
| Vitamin D Supplement 3 | 25.7% | 0.41 | |
| Never Users | 69.5 (0.9) | ||
| Use for less than 5 years | 65.6 (2.8) | ||
| Use for 5 years or more | 68.5 (3.2) |
SE – Standard Error; BMI – body mass index.
1
Mean BUA (69.1 dB/Mhz); Standard Deviation (18.3 dB/Mhz); Coefficient Variation (26.5)
2
P value from analysis of covariance testing the null hypothesis of no association between BUA and the exposure variable
3
Adjusted, as appropriate, for age, BMI, and education