Table 3.
Unstandardized and Standardized Estimates for Direct and Indirect Associations in the Path Analysis
| Cognitive Development | Positive Social Behavior | Negative Social Behavior | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE B | β | B | SE B | β | B | SE B | β | |
| Direct Effects on DVs | |||||||||
| M Risk (T1) | −1.59 | 0.36 | −0.12 *** | −0.06 | 0.06 | −0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| F Risk (T1) | −0.23 | 0.33 | −0.02 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.04 | −0.02 | 0.03 | −0.02 |
| C Risk (T1) | −0.04 | 0.09 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.03 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.04 |
| M-F Risk Interaction (T1) | −0.94 | 0.65 | −0.03 | −0.07 | 0.12 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.00 |
| F Conflict (T2) | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
| M Conflict (T2) | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.07 * |
| F Cog. Stim. (T2) | 0.70 | 0.11 | 0.14 *** | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.03 |
| M Supportiveness (T2) | 3.44 | 0.27 | 0.29 *** | 1.62 | 0.05 | 0.66 *** | −0.17 | 0.02 | −0.20 *** |
| Spanking (T2) | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| C Sex | 3.36 | 0.39 | 0.16 *** | 0.39 | 0.07 | 0.09 *** | −0.09 | 0.03 | −0.06 ** |
| C Age (T2) | 2.04 | 0.21 | 0.19 *** | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.05 *** | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| M NCATS (T1) | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.06 ** | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.03 |
| F Cog. Stim. (T1) | −0.13 | 0.10 | −0.03 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| Direct Effects on Endogenous Variables | |||||||||
| M risk (T1) → F cog. stim. (T2) | −0.15 | 0.06 | −0.06 * | −0.15 | 0.06 | −0.06 * | −0.15 | 0.06 | −0.06 * |
| F risk (T1) → F cog. stim. (T2) | −0.03 | 0.07 | −0.01 | −0.03 | 0.07 | −0.01 | −0.03 | 0.07 | −0.01 |
| M-F risk (T1) → F cog. stim. (T2) | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.04 | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.04 | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.04 |
| C risk (T1) → F cog. stim. (T2) | −0.35 | 0.12 | −0.05 ** | −0.35 | 0.12 | −0.05 ** | −0.35 | 0.12 | −0.05 ** |
| F conflict → F cog. stim. (T2) | −0.07 | 0.03 | −0.05 * | −0.07 | 0.03 | −0.05 * | −0.07 | 0.03 | −0.05 * |
| M conflict → F cog. stim. (T2) | −0.04 | 0.03 | −0.03 | −0.04 | 0.03 | −0.03 | −0.04 | 0.03 | −0.03 |
| C sex → F cog. stim. (T2) | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.02 |
| C age (T2) → F cog. stim. (T2) | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
| M NCATS (T1) → F cog. stim. (T2) | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
| F cog. stim. (T1) → F cog. stim. (T2) | 0.45 | 0.02 | 0.47 *** | 0.45 | 0.02 | 0.47 *** | 0.45 | 0.02 | 0.47 *** |
| M risk (T1) → M supportiveness (T2) | −0.17 | 0.03 | −0.15 *** | −0.17 | 0.03 | −0.15 *** | −0.17 | 0.03 | −0.15 *** |
| F risk (T1) → M supportiveness (T2) | −0.13 | 0.03 | −0.12 *** | −0.13 | 0.03 | −0.12 *** | −0.13 | 0.03 | −0.12 *** |
| M-F risk (T1) → M supportiveness (T2) | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.06 | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.06 | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.06 |
| C risk (T1) → M supportiveness (T2) | −0.04 | 0.06 | −0.01 | −0.04 | 0.06 | −0.01 | −0.04 | 0.06 | −0.01 |
| F conflict (T2) → M supportiveness (T2) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
| M conflict (T2) → M supportiveness (T2) | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| C sex → M supportiveness (T2) | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.05 * | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.05 * | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.05 * |
| C age (T2) → M supportiveness (T2) | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
| M NCATS (T1) → M supportiveness (T2) | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.19 *** | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.19 *** | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.19 *** |
| F cog. stim. (T1) → M supportiveness (T2) | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.06 * | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.06 * | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.06 * |
| M risk (T1) → Spanking (T2) | −0.04 | 0.05 | −0.03 | −0.04 | 0.05 | −0.03 | −0.04 | 0.05 | −0.03 |
| F risk (T1) → Spanking (T2) | −0.01 | 0.05 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.05 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.05 | −0.01 |
| M-F risk (T1) → Spanking (T2) | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.01 |
| C risk (T1) → Spanking (T2) | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.10 *** | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.10 *** | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.10 *** |
| F conflict (T2) → Spanking (T2) | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.08 ** | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.08 ** | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.08 ** |
| M conflict (T2) → Spanking (T2) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| C sex → Spanking (T2) | −0.14 | 0.05 | −0.06 ** | −0.14 | 0.05 | −0.06 ** | −0.14 | 0.05 | −0.06 ** |
| C age (T2) → Spanking (T2) | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.01 |
| M NCATS (T1) → Spanking (T2) | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.06 * | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.06 * | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.06 * |
| F cog. stim. (T1) → Spanking (T2) | −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.11 *** | −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.11 *** | −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.11 *** |
| M risk (T1) → F conflict (T2) | −0.10 | 0.06 | −0.05 | −0.10 | 0.06 | −0.05 | −0.10 | 0.06 | −0.05 |
| F risk (T1) → F conflict (T2) | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.09 ** | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.09 ** | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.09 ** |
| M/F risk (T1) → F conflict (T2) | −0.05 | 0.02 | −0.13 ** | −0.05 | 0.02 | −0.13 ** | −0.05 | 0.02 | −0.13 ** |
| C risk (T1) → F conflict (T2) | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.02 |
| M NCATS (T1) → F conflict (T2) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
| F cog. stim. (T1) → F conflict (T2) | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.05 * | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.05 * | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.05 * |
| M risk (T1) → M conflict (T2) | −0.07 | 0.06 | −0.04 | −0.07 | 0.06 | −0.04 | −0.07 | 0.06 | −0.04 |
| F risk (T1) → M conflict (T2) | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.10 ** | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.10 ** | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.10 ** |
| M/F risk (T1) → M conflict (T2) | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.11 ** | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.11 ** | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.11 ** |
| C risk (T1) → M conflict (T2) | 0.53 | 0.11 | 0.11 *** | 0.53 | 0.11 | 0.11 *** | 0.53 | 0.11 | 0.11 *** |
| M NCATS (T1) → M conflict (T2) | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
| F cog. stim. (T1) → M conflict (T2) | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.04 | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.04 | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.04 |
| Total Indirect Effects on DVs | |||||||||
| M risk (T1) | −0.70 | 0.13 | −0.05 *** | −0.28 | 0.05 | −0.02 *** | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 *** |
| F risk (T1) | −0.43 | 0.13 | −0.03 ** | −0.20 | 0.05 | −0.07 *** | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 * |
| M-F risk (T1) | −0.08 | 0.03 | −0.03 | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 |
| C risk (T1) | −0.31 | 0.23 | −0.01 | −0.07 | 0.09 | −0.05 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| M conflict (T2) | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| F conflict (T2) | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.01 |
| M NCATS (T1) | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.06 *** | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.13 *** | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.04 *** |
| F Cog. Stim (T1) | 0.38 | 0.06 | 0.08 *** | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.05 ** | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.03 |
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.
Note. Standardized values less than .10 are considered small effects, values around .30 are medium effects, and values greater than .50 are large effects. Results are based on weighted analyses.