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. 2011 Oct 26;31(43):15575–15585. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3579-11.2011

Figure 7.

Figure 7.

Elevated cytokine levels in the GFAP−/−Vim−/−PPT1−/− brains at 1, 3, and 6 months of age. Of 14 cytokines assayed, the concentrations of 12 analytes were elevated at 1, 3, or 6 months of age (n = 3 per group). a–i, The cytokines can grossly be divided into three groups based on function: generalized proinflammatory molecules (a, d, g); lymphocyte and/or monocyte activators (b, e, h); or monocyte activators (c, f, i). a–c, Elevations in cytokine levels at 1 month. At 1 month, the only significant elevations in cytokine levels were observed with two lymphocyte/monoctye activators, oncostatin-M and RANTES. d–f, Elevations in cytokine levels at 3 months. There was an increase in all proinflammatory (d) and lymphocyte/monocyte (e) cytokines in the GFAP−/−Vim−/−PPT1−/− mice at 3 months. Of the six monocyte activators (f) assayed, there were four molecules (i.e., IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-3, and MCP-5) increased in both the GFAP−/−Vim−/−PPT1−/− and PPT1−/− brains. MIP-1β was increased in solely the GFAP−/−Vim−/−PPT1−/− brains. Although IP-10 was significantly increased PPT1−/− brains, the levels of IP-10 were significantly higher in the GFAP−/−Vim−/−PPT1−/− brains compared PPT1−/−. g–i, Elevations in cytokine levels at 6 months. At 6 months, the only increase in cytokine levels observed was in analytes within the monocyte activator group. Interestingly, both the GFAP−/−Vim−/−PPT1−/− and PPT1−/− brains demonstrated a significant increase in IP-10, MIP-2, MCP-1, MCP-3, and MCP-5. In three of the four molecules, the concentrations of cytokines were higher in the PPT1−/− brains compared with GFAP−/−Vim−/−PPT1−/− brains. Using one-way ANOVAs followed by Bonferroni's post hoc tests, the asterisk (*) indicates a significant increase at the p < 0.05 level of one group compared with all other groups, while the bar indicates no significant difference between two groups. Checked bars indicate WT, diagonal hatch marks indicate GFAP−/−Vim−/−, open bars indicate PPT1−/−, and filled bars indicate GFAP−/−Vim−/−PPT1−/− brains.