Table 4.
Association Between Plasma Perfluoroalkyl Chemical Level and Chronic Kidney Disease, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2008
| Plasma Perfluoroalkyl Chemical Level | Unweighted Sample Size (No. of Subjects) | Chronic Kidney Disease, Weighted % | Age- and Sex-Adjusted Odds Ratio |
Multivariable-Adjusted Odds Ratioa |
||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |||
| Perfluorooctanoic acid | ||||||
| Quartile 1 (<2.8 ng/mL) | 1,176 | 4.9 | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
| Quartile 2 (2.8–4.1 ng/mL) | 1,141 | 4.8 | 0.89 | 0.61, 1.31 | 0.83 | 0.55, 1.24 |
| Quartile 3 (4.2–5.9 ng/mL) | 1,141 | 6.4 | 1.27 | 0.77, 2.10 | 1.24 | 0.75, 2.05 |
| Quartile 4 (>5.9 ng/mL) | 1,129 | 7.7 | 1.74 | 1.06, 2.84 | 1.73 | 1.04, 2.88 |
| P for trend | 0.013 | 0.015 | ||||
| Perfluorooctane sulfonate | ||||||
| Quartile 1 (<11.7 ng/mL) | 1,152 | 3.7 | 1 | Referent | 1 | Referent |
| Quartile 2 (11.7–18.7 ng/mL) | 1,151 | 4.7 | 1.13 | 0.63, 2.03 | 1.12 | 0.64, 1.99 |
| Quartile 3 (18.8–29.5 ng/mL) | 1,137 | 6.9 | 1.55 | 0.87, 2.75 | 1.53 | 0.87, 2.67 |
| Quartile 4 (>29.5 ng/mL) | 1,147 | 9.3 | 1.83 | 1.02, 3.28 | 1.82 | 1.01, 3.27 |
| P for trend | 0.016 | 0.019 | ||||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
Adjusted for age (20–44, 45–64, or >64 years), sex (male or female), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican-American, or other), educational level (less than high school, high school graduate, or postsecondary education), smoking status (never, former, or current smoker), alcohol consumption (nondrinker, moderate drinker, or heavy drinker), body mass index category (normal or overweight/obese), systolic blood pressure (in mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure (in mm Hg), diabetes (absent or present), serum total cholesterol level (in mg/dL), and glycohemoglobin (%).