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FDA-approved biomarkers
| Organ | Sample | Proposed mechanism | Biomarker | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart | Blood (PBMCs, mRNA) | Gene-expression-based diagnostic score distinguishes stable from acute heart allograft rejection patients and mild from severe AR | AlloMap (11-gene panel) |
[92,93] |
| Heart, liver, lung, kidney | Serum (protein) | T-cell activation status indicates risk of AR, under-/over-immunosuppression | ImmuKnow (T-cell-stimulation-dependent iATP levels) | [18,97-100] |
