Table 1.

Renal functions and related clinical or laboratory parameters

Function	Clinical or laboratory parameter
Excretion	Serum levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid
Filtration barrier	Proteinuria as determined by dipstick test and/or by urinary protein/creatinine ratio, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio
	Hematuria as determined by dipstick test and/or microscopy
Sodium balance	Blood pressure and edema to be evaluated by clinical examination
Water balance	Serum sodium concentration, serum osmolarity
Acid-base status	Serum bicarbonate (and chloride) concentration
Renal hormones	Erythropoietin: hemoglobin level 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D: serum calcium/phosphorus Concentrations, iPTH

iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone.