Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of gout cases and controlsa
| Gout | Controls | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Māorib | EPb | WP | NZ Caucasian | FHS | ARIC | Māori | NZ EP | NZ WP | NZ Caucasian | FHS | ARIC |
| Number of cases/controls | 229 | 261 | 187 | 327 | 67 | 153 | 343 | 348 | 142 | 638 | 47,12 | 6,969 |
| Males, % | 78 | 76 | 95 | 85 | 94 | 73 | 31 | 33 | 57 | 42 | 45 | 45 |
| Mean ± 1 SD grandparents of stated ancestry | 2.87 ± 1.15 | 3.10 ± 1.07 | 3.72 ± 0.59 | 4.00 ± 0.00 | - | - | 2.33 ± 1.20 | 2.46 ± 1.22 | 3.49 ± 0.86 | 4.00 ± 0.00 | - | - |
| Mean serum urate at recruitment, mmol/L (range) | 0.45 (0.21 to 0.98) |
0.47 (0.19 to 0.98) |
0.49 (0.17 to 0.72) |
0.41 (0.18 to 1.07) |
0.42 (0.21 to 0.58) |
0.42 (0.11-0.70) |
- | - | - | - | 0.29 (0.07 to 0.63) |
0.34 (0.03 to 0.72) |
| Confirmed tophi, % | 38 | 39 | 56 | 30 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Mean age at onset, years (range) | 39 (15 to 74) |
39 (15 to 74) |
34 (15 to 75) |
47 (15 to 83) |
- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Mean age at recruitment, years (range) | - | - | - | - | 38 (18 to 55) |
54 (45-65) |
44 (17 to 80) |
44 (17 to 85) |
38 (17 to 86) |
52 (17 to 95) |
37 (5 to 72) |
54 (44 to 66) |
| Mean gout attacks in past year, n (range) | 11 (0 to > 1/week) |
11 (0 to > 1/week) |
16 (0 to > 1/week) |
7.5 (0 to > 1/week) |
- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| First-degree relative with gout, % | 63 | 64 | 53 | 42 | - | - | 30 | 31 | 23 | 14 | - | - |
| Allopurinol treatment, % | 83 | 82 | 87 | 78 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Probenecid treatment, % | 6 | 6 | 13 | 6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Mean BMI (range) | 35 (22 to 62) |
35 (22 to 66) |
38 (22 to 93) |
30 (19 to 62) |
29 (20 to 37) |
28 (21-41) |
32 (20 to 77) |
32 (20 to 77) |
35 (21 to 63) |
28 (19 to 56) | 27 (15 to 61) |
27 (15 to 56) |
| Type 2 DM, % | 28 | 30 | 18 | 13 | 15 | 7 | 10 | 9 | 11 | 7 | 4 | 7 |
| Hypertension, % | 63 | 63 | 46 | 49 | - | - | 16 | 16 | 17 | 14 | - | - |
| Dyslipidemia, % | 51 | 52 | 53 | 48 | - | - | 12 | 12 | 11 | 16 | - | - |
| Cardiovascular disease, % | 40 | 38 | 20 | 37 | - | - | 3 | 3 | 1 | 6 | - | - |
| Renal disease, % | 30 | 30 | 22 | 22 | 21 | - | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 6 | - |
aARIC = Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study; BMI = body mass index; DM = diabetes mellitus; EP = Eastern Polynesian; FHS = Framingham Heart Study; NZ = New Zealand; SD = standard deviation; WP = Western Polynesian. bFull clinical data were available in 76% of Māori and 63% of EP gout cases (> 90% in other sample sets).