Table 1.
Summary of the skin phenotypes of genetically modified mice with GR gain- and loss-of-function
| Genetically modified mouse model | Spatio-temporal expression pattern of the transgene | Embryonic skin phenotype | Adult skin phenotype | References |
| K5-GR | KC-specific E13.5-adulthood |
epidermal atrophy reduced HF number dysplasic HFs |
alopecia impaired HF proliferation/differentiation |
46, 48 |
| K5-GR-TR (P493R/A494S) | KC-specific E13.5-adulthood |
NO | alopecia impaired HF proliferation/differentiation |
59 |
| GR-/- | all cell types constitutive |
impaired SC formation increased KC apoptosis |
-- perinatal death |
14, 15, 38 |
| GRdim/dim (A458T) | all cell types constitutive |
NO | NO | 16, 38 |
| K14-cre-ERT2//GRloxP/loxP | KC-specific conditional knock-out induced in adult age |
-- | thickened skin reduced KC differentiation increased dermal inflammation |
36 |
Abbreviations: GR, glucocorticoid receptor; K, keratin; KC, keratinocyte; HF, hair follicle.