Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics Study Participants
| Characteristic | All Trichiasis Cases | Case–Control Study Participants |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Trichiasis Cases | Normal Controls | ||
| Sex (female) | 1845 (72) | 294 (75.2) | 294 (75.2) |
| Age, y | |||
| <40 | 90 (23.3) | 109 (27.9) | 147 (37.1) |
| 40–49 | 102 (26.4) | 108 (27.6) | 88 (22.5) |
| 50–59 | 94 (24.4) | 97 (24.8) | 88 (22.5) |
| ≥60 | 100 (25.9) | 77 (19.7) | 70 (17.9) |
| Mean (95% CI)* | 49.9 (49.4–50.5) | 49.6 (48.2–51.0) | 47.9 (46.5–49.3) |
| Illiterate | 2368 (98) | 375 (95.9) | 335 (85.7) |
| BMI, mean (95% CI)† | 20.0 (19.9–20.1) | 19.7 (19.5–19.9) | 20.5 (20.1–20.7) |
| Entropion grade | |||
| 0 | 1016 (23.6) | 36 (9.2) | 387 (99.0) |
| 1 | 1312 (30.4) | 94 (24.0) | 4 (1.0) |
| 2 | 1259 (29.2) | 151 (38.6) | — |
| 3 | 416 (9.7) | 63 (16.1) | — |
| 4 | 307 (7.1) | 47 (12.0) | — |
| Trichiasis (number of lashes) | |||
| None | — | 391 (100) | |
| None-epilating | 738 (17.1) | 61 (15.6) | — |
| 1–4 | 2495 (57.9) | 129 (33.0) | — |
| 5–9 | 542 (12.6) | 117 (29.9) | — |
| 10–19 | 335 (7.8) | 45 (11.5) | — |
| 20+ | 200 (4.6) | 39 (10.0) | — |
| Lash type | |||
| None (epilation) | 738 (17.1) | 61 (15.6) | 391 (100) |
| Metaplastic only | 1709 (39.6) | 123 (31.5) | — |
| Misdirected only | 710 (16.5) | 55 (14.1) | — |
| Metaplastic and misdirected | 447 (10.4) | 48 (12.3) | — |
| Entropic with/without aberrant lashes | 706 (16.4) | 104 (26.6) | — |
| Lower lid TT | |||
| Present | 494 (11.5) | 56 (14.4) | 4 (1.0) |
| Papillary inflammation‡ | |||
| None (P0) | 351 (8.2) | 27 (6.9) | 245 (62.7) |
| Mild (P1) | 1415 (32.9) | 121 (30.9) | 139 (35.6) |
| Moderate (P2) | 1987 (46.1) | 179 (45.8) | 7 (1.8) |
| Severe (P3) | 553 (12.8) | 64 (16.4) | 0 (0.0) |
| Conjunctival scarring‡ | |||
| None (C0) | 11 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 105 26.9 |
| Mild (C1) | 216 (5.0) | 10 (2.6) | 228 58.3 |
| Moderate (C2) | 3074 (71.4) | 244 (62.4) | 58 14.8 |
| Severe (C3) | 1005 (23.3) | 136 (34.8) | — |
| Conjunctivalization Grade§ | |||
| 0 | 24 (0.6) | 3 (0.8) | 169 (43.2) |
| 1 | 75 (1.7) | 4 (1.0) | 83 (21.2) |
| 2 | 743 (17.3) | 40 (10.2) | 97 (24.8) |
| 3 | 3461 (80.4) | 345 (88.0) | 42 (10.8) |
| Lagophthalmos | 98 (2.3) | 11 (2.8) | 1 (0.3) |
| Plica semilunaris | |||
| Normal | 1756 (40.7) | 130 (33.3) | 225 (57.5) |
| Scarred but not absent | 1675 (38.9) | 161 (41.2) | 129 (33.0) |
| Effaced | 879 (20.4) | 100 (25.6) | 37 (9.5) |
| Upper/lower lid symblepharon | |||
| Present | 505 (11.7) | 64 (16.4) | 1 (0.3) |
Data are the number (%).
*
Paired t-test comparing the nested case-control subjects: P = 0.10.
†
BMI data available on 391 cases and 248 controls. t-Test for difference between mean BMI of cases (n = 391) and controls (n = 248); P < 0.005
‡
Tarsal conjunctiva not visualized in five TT patients and one control.
§
Lid margin not visualized in seven TT patients and one control.