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. 2011 Jun 28;108(8):1391–1416. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcr146

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

Determinants of palm species distribution. (A) Climate: Trachycarpus fortunei invading a warm temperate forest in Switzerland (cf. Walther et al., 2007). (B) Topography: Geonoma undata, a high-altitude species occurring in South and Central America between 1400 and 2400 m a.s.l. (Henderson et al., 1995). (C) Species interactions: seedling of Iriartea deltoidea, half consumed by an unknown herbivore (Peru). (D) Soil: juvenile of Prestoea decurrens on rich, clayey soil in Nicaragua (cf. Clark et al., 1995). (E) Species interactions: interspecific competition between seedlings of the canopy palm Euterpe precatoria (Peru). (F) Dispersal: fruits of Aiphanes weberbaueri clearly adapted to ornithochory (Peru). (G) Hydrology: Bactris riparia, typically found on black water stream margins in South America, here in Peru. (H) Vegetation structure: Thrinax radiata and Coccothrinax argentata growing under a canopy gap in Mexico. Imageo credits: J.-C. Svenning (A), F. Borchsenius (B), M.B. Sørensen (C, E, F), H. Balslev (D, G, H).