. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2011 Jun 6;155(1):109–120. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.05.014

Table 1.

Observed values of psychoactive pharmaceuticals in various systems.

	FLX	VNX	CBZ
Experimental	10 μg L⁻¹	50 μg L⁻¹	100 μg L⁻¹
Raw sewage	0.073 μg L⁻¹ (Batt et al., 2008)	2.19 μg L⁻¹ (Schultzt and Furlong, 2008)	6.3 μg L⁻¹ (Ternes, 1998)
Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)	0.509 μg L⁻¹ (Chen et al., 2006)	1.115 μg L⁻¹ (Metcalfe et al., 2003)	17.3–22.0 μg L⁻¹ (Christensen et al., 2009; Camacho-Munoz et al., 2010)
Effluent from WWTP	0.841 μg L⁻¹ (Corcoran et al., 2010)	No information	1.16 μg L⁻¹ (Alonso et al., 2010)
Downstream from WWTP	0.93 μg L⁻¹ (Christensen et al., 2009)	0.387 μg L⁻¹ (Alonso et al., 2010)	2.3 μg L⁻¹ (Metcalfe et al., 2003)
River system	0.12 μg L⁻¹ (Gros et al., 2010)	1.31 μg L⁻¹ (Schultzt and Furlong, 2008)	1.283 μg L⁻¹ (Ternes, 1998)
Drinking water	0.014 μg L⁻¹ (Stackelberg et al., 2007; Bruce et al., 2010)	No information	0.25 μg L⁻¹ (Stackelberg et al., 2004; Bruce et al., 2010)

FLX, VNX and CBZ are fluoxetine, venlafaxine and carbamazepine, respectively. Values reported indicate the highest observed concentrations from various systems.