Fig. 3.

Plasma concentrations of cytokines interleukin (IL)-10, IL-13, IL-17F, IL-27, IL-31, IL-33 and chemokines monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG)/C–X–C ligand 9 (CXCL9) and CXCL16 were quantified in Plasmodium falciparum-infected infants (<5 years) before treatment (bT) with anti-malarials and/or anti-pyretics and at 48–60 h post-treatment (pT). Chemokine concentrations are shown as means in pg/ml with the 95% lower and upper confidence interval. Significant differences (**P < 0·0001, paired observations) between bT and pT are indicated.