Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients whose arrests were witnessed by bystanders
| All (n = 95,072) | Group A (n = 53,482) | Group B (n = 38,077) | Group C (n = 1,597) | Group D (n = 1,916) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Sex (males) | 58,745 | 61.8 | 34,297 | 64.1 | 22,210 | 58.3 | 1,058 | 66.2 | 1,180 | 61.6 |
| Age (years) | 71.6 ± 17.8 (75) | 70.9 ± 17.4 (75) | 72.9 ± 18.1 (77) | 65.9 ± 20.1 (71) | 69.2 ± 18.8 (73) | |||||
| Causes of arrest | ||||||||||
| Cardiac origin | 52,830 | 55.6 | 28,825 | 53.9 | 21,967 | 57.7 | 835 | 52.3 | 1,203 | 62.8 |
| Noncardiac origin | 42,242 | 44.4 | 24,657 | 46.1 | 16,110 | 42.3 | 762 | 47.7 | 713 | 37.2 |
| Initial rhythm | ||||||||||
| Ventricular fibrillation | 13,705 | 14.4 | 6,744 | 12.6 | 6,292 | 16.5 | 245 | 15.3 | 424 | 22.1 |
| Pulseless electrical activity | 31,141 | 32.8 | 18,580 | 34.7 | 11,361 | 29.8 | 573 | 35.9 | 627 | 32.7 |
| Asystole | 47,328 | 49.8 | 27,129 | 50.7 | 18,724 | 49.2 | 712 | 44.6 | 763 | 39.8 |
| Others | 2,898 | 3.0 | 1,029 | 1.9 | 1,700 | 4.5 | 67 | 4.2 | 102 | 5.3 |
| Collapse to initiation of CPR (minutes) | 8.9 ± 10.0 (7.0) | 12.5 ± 10.2 (10.0) | 4.1 ± 7.2 (2.0) | 13.0 ± 11.6 (10.0) | 3.0 ± 6.1 (2.0) | |||||
| Collapse to EMS response (minutes) | 11.3 ± 9.7 (9.0) | 10.9 ± 9.9 (9.0) | 11.7 ± 9.7 (10.0) | 11.0 ± 10.8 (8.0) | 12.4 ± 11.6 (9.0) | |||||
| Collapse to first shocka (minutes) | 13.1 ± 6.2 (12.0) | 12.8 ± 6.4 (12.0) | 13.4 ± 6.0 (12.0) | 12.4 ± 6.2 (11.0) | 13.1 ± 6.4 (12.0) | |||||
| Call to EMS response (minutes) | 7.3 ± 4.5 (6.0) | 7.0 ± 4.4 (6.0) | 7.7 ± 4.5 (7.0) | 7.2 ± 5.5 (6.0) | 7.2 ± 4.2 (6.0) | |||||
Data presented as n or mean ± standard deviation (median). Group A, advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) by emergency life-saving technicians (ELSTs) without bystander-initiated cardiopulmonary resuscitation (BCPR); Group B, ACLS by ELSTs with BCPR; Group C, ACLS by physicians without BCPR; Group D, ACLS by physicians with BCPR. CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; EMS, emergency medical service. aThe mean time from collapse to first shock was only calculated in patients who received a shock.