Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population
| All studied patients (n = 314) | In-hospital survivors (n = 263) | In-hospital non-survivors (n = 51) | P-value | One-year survivors (n = 183) | One-year non-survivors (n = 128) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demography/Scores | |||||||
| Gender (male) - n (%)) | 181 (58) | 147 (56) | 34 (68) | 0.15 | 100 (55) | 78 (61) | 0.27 |
| Age (year) | 70(62 to 78.75) | 70(61 to 79) | 73(63 to 76) | 0.013 | 69(60 to 77) | 74(64 to 80) | 0.003 |
| BMIa | 25.8(22.6 to 30.8) | 25.85(22.6 to 30.8) | 25.8(22.5 to 28.4) | 0.06 | 26.15(23.4 to 31.1) | 25.3(21.2 to 29.1) | 0.008 |
| SAPSb II score | 32(26 to 46) | 32(24 to 45) | 36 (31 to 46) | 0.12 | 32(24 to 45) | 44(30 to 44) | 0.07 |
| Hemodynamic parameters | |||||||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 98(84 to 116) | 97.5(83.75 to 115) | 105(85 to 123) | 0.16 | 98(83 to 116) | 100(84 to 115.25) | 0.8 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127(111 to 148) | 128(111 to 148) | 127(111 to 139) | 0.34 | 129.5(111 to 150) | 126(112 to 143) | 0.19 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 67(56 to 80) | 67(57 to 80) | 64(53 to 78) | 0.17 | 70(59 to 82) | 62(53 to 74.5) | 0.006 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 85(73 to 100) | 87(74 to 101) | 85(73 to 96) | 0.15 | 89(76.25 to 103) | 83(71.5 to 95) | 0.04 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)c | 55(35 to 60) | 50(35 to 60) | 60(35 to 65) | 0.35 | 50(35 to 60) | 60(43.5 to 63.75) | 0.26 |
| Atrial fibrillation- n (%) | 50 (16) | 37 (14) | 13 (26) | 0.04 | 22 (12) | 28 (22) | 0.02 |
| Respiratory/metabolic parameters | |||||||
| Mechanical ventilation - n (%) | 42 (13) | 34 (13) | 8 (16) | 0.59 | 26 (14) | 16 (13) | 0.66 |
| Non-invasive ventilation - n (%) | 158 (50) | 131 (59) | 27 (53) | 0.68 | 87 (48) | 70 (55) | 0.21 |
| Breathing frequency (cpm) | 24(19 to 30) | 24(19 to 30) | 25(20 to 30) | 0.75 | 24(18 to 30) | 25(20 to 30) | 0.38 |
| PaO2/FiO2 | 161(101 to 240) | 169(101 to 239) | 144 (92 to 216) | 0.20 | 169 (99 to 248) | 152(100 to 228) | 0.41 |
| PaCO2 (kPa) | 5.9(4.9 to 7.8) | 5.9(5 to 7.8) | 5.8(4.8 to 8.2) | 0.33 | 5.9(5 to 7.5) | 6.05(4.8 to 8.4) | 0.34 |
| Laboratory parameters | |||||||
| Hemoglobin (g/l) | 118(101 to 141) | 120(102 to 142) | 108(97 to 128) | 0.04 | 121(101 to 145) | 114(100 to 134) | 0.013 |
| Uric acid (μmol/l) | 381(275.5 to 502) | 370(274 to 494.5) | 412(311 to 521) | 0.31 | 362(278 to 470.5) | 397(273 to 557) | 0.10 |
| eGFR MDRDd (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 69(46 to 99) | 71.5(46 to 102) | 56(45 to 88) | 0.04 | 72(49 to 102.75) | 60.5(41.75 to 95) | 0.08 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) | 21(13 to 33) | 19(12 to 31) | 26(18 to 38) | 0.04 | 19(12 to 28) | 24(14 to 39.5) | 0.01 |
| Comorbidities to n (%) | |||||||
| History of heart failure | 85 (27) | 71 (27) | 14 (28) | 0.94 | 48 (26) | 37 (29) | 0.60 |
| History of coronary artery disease | 119 (38) | 95 (36) | 24 (47) | 0.14 | 61 (33) | 58 (45) | 0.03* |
| Hystory of hypertension | 165 (53) | 114 (55) | 21 (41) | 0.075 | 99 (54) | 65 (51) | 0.56 |
| Hystory of COPDe | 123 (39) | 105 (40) | 18 (35) | 0.53 | 69 (38) | 54 (42) | 0.42 |
| History of malignancy | 61 (19) | 41 (16) | 20 (39) | < 0.0001 | 21 (12) | 39 (31) | < 0.0001 |
| Etiology of respiratoy failure- n (%) | |||||||
| Heart failure (HF) alone | 101 (32) | 86 (33) | 15 (30) | 0.64 | 67 (37) | 34 (27) | 0.06 |
| HF + any additional diagnosis | 75 (24) | 61 (23) | 14 (28) | 0.51 | 40 (22) | 35 (27) | 0.26 |
| HF + pneumonia | 42 (14) | 32 (12) | 10 (20) | 0.15 | 16 (9) | 26 (20) | 0.003 |
| HF + AECOPDf | 20 (6) | 18 (7) | 2 (4) | 0.44 | 17 (9) | 3 (2) | 0.014 |
| HF + other diagnosis | 13 (4) | 11 (4) | 2 (4) | 0.93 | 7 (3) | 6 (5) | 0.71 |
| Pneumonia | 50 (16) | 38 (15) | 12 (24) | 0.11 | 27 (15) | 22 (17) | 0.57 |
| AECOPD | 30 (10) | 26 (10) | 4 (8) | 0.66 | 15 (8) | 15 (12) | 0.31 |
| Pneumonia + AECOPD | 11 (3.5) | 10 (4) | 1 (2) | 0.52 | 5 (3) | 6 (5) | 0.36 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 15 (5) | 14 (5) | 1 (2) | 0.31 | 8 (4) | 6 (5) | 0.90 |
| Unknown cause | 4 (1) | 4 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 0.38 | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | 0.37 |
| Other cause | 28 (9) | 24 (9) | 4 (8) | 0.77 | 20 (11) | 8 (6) | 0.16 |
| Admission medication - n (%) | |||||||
| Diuretics | 135 (52) | 117 (53) | 18 (47) | 0.52 | 84 (56) | 49 (46) | 0.12 |
| Nitrates | 29 (11) | 27 (12) | 2 (5) | 0.19 | 22 (15) | 7 (7) | 0.04 |
| ACEi/ARBg | 144 (46) | 126 (48) | 18 (35) | 0.09 | 91 (50) | 50 (39) | 0.06 |
| Beta-blocker | 101 (32) | 94 (36) | 7 (14) | 0.001 | 81 (44) | 20 (16) | < 0.0001 |
| Statins | 80 (31) | 67 (30) | 13 (33) | 0.69 | 54 (36) | 26 (24) | 0.05 |
| Aspirin/Clopidogrel | 102 (39) | 86 (39) | 16 (41) | 0.80 | 67 (44) | 35 (33) | 0.07 |
| Calcium-antagonists | 43 (17) | 36 (16) | 7 (18) | 0.79 | 25 (17) | 18 (17) | 0.92 |
| Coumarines | 86 (33) | 77 (35) | 9 (23) | 0.15 | 46 (31) | 39 (37) | 0.31 |
| Beta-mimetics | 94 (36) | 78 (35) | 16 (41) | 0.48 | 49 (33) | 44 (41) | 0.15 |
| Oral steroids | 45 (17) | 38 (17) | 7 (18) | 0.89 | 28 (19) | 16 (15) | 0.45 |
| Discharge medication - n (%) | |||||||
| Diuretics | 130 (41) | - | - | - | 86 (47) | 44 (34) | 0.12 |
| Nitrates | 39 (13) | - | - | - | 23 (13) | 16 (13) | 0.966 |
| ACEi/ARB | 160 (51) | - | - | - | 121 (66) | 38 (30) | 0.010 |
| Beta-blocker | 119 (38) | - | - | - | 84 (46) | 34 (27) | < 0.001 |
| Statins | 77 (25) | - | - | - | 56 (31) | 20 (16) | 0.001 |
| Aspirin/Clopidogrel | 91 (29) | - | - | - | 61 (33) | 29 (23) | 0.024 |
| Calcium-antagonists | 30 (10) | - | - | - | 22 (12) | 8 (6) | 0.057 |
| Coumarines | 104 (33) | - | - | - | 67 (37) | 36 (28) | 0.075 |
| Beta-mimetics | 89 (28) | - | - | - | 55 (30) | 32 (25) | 0.272 |
| Oral steroids | 41 (13) | - | - | - | 20 (11) | 21 (16) | 0.156 |
a BMI, body mass index (mass (kg)/height (m)2); b SAPS 2, Simplified Acute Physiology Score [45]; c measured by echocardiography in 128 patients; d estimated glomerular filtration rate using Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula [46]; e COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; f AECOPD, acute exacerbation of COPD; g ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker
Values are displayed as median (interquartile range) or number of patients (%).