Table 1.

Multiple effects of dietary agents against prostate cancer

Dietary agent	In vitro studies	In vivo studies	Clinical trials
Green Tea	Inhibits cell growth, induces apoptosis, increases p21, p53, and Bax [6], inhibits HIF-1α degradation, inhibits biomarkers of invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis, inhibits PSA-triggered basement membrane degradation, and MMP-2 activation [4], inhibits 5α-reductase [15] and ODC activity [19], downregulates CK2 [10], sensitizes CaP cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis [11], upregulates eEF1A through laminin receptor [13]	Induces clusterin [14], decreases IGF-I and increases IGFBP-3 levels, inhibits tumor growth and PSA secretion [16], reduces CaP progression with decrease in S100A4 and restoration of E-cadherin [20]	Reduces risk of CaP [23, 26] Shows minimal activity against CaP [24, 25]
Pomegranate	Exerts antiproliferative, antiinvasive, antimetastatic effects [28, 29, 31], induces apoptosis through modulation of Bcl2 proteins [31], increases p21&p27, downregulates cyclin-cdk network [31]	Decreases tumor incidence, tumor growth and serum PSA levels [28, 31]	Increases PSA doubling time [34]
Delphinidin	Exerts antiproliferative effects, induces cell cycle arrest, increases p21 and p27, downregulates cyclin-cdk network, modulates Bcl2 poteins in favor of apoptosis, releases cyt c, activates Caspases-3,-6,-8&-9, downregulates PI3K, β-catenin, Notch, and NF-κB signaling [36, 37]
Lupeol	Induces apoptosis, upregulates Fas & FADD, activates Caspase-8 with degradation of acinus and PARP [41], downregulates IGF1-R, myc, cyclin D1, ERBB2, Jun, MMPs -2&7, upregulates IGFBP6, STEAP1, TIMP3, and KLK10, downregulates β-catenin signaling [43]	Inhibits tumor growth and PSA secretion [41], inhibits testosterone-induced generation of ROS, depletes antioxidant enzymes [42]
Fisetin	Exerts antiproliferative effects, induces cell cycle arrest, increases p21& p27, downregulates cyclin-cdk network, induces apoptosis, modulates Bcl2 proteins, releases cyt c, downregulates XIAP, upregulates Smac/DIABLO, activates Caspases-3,-8&-9, induces PARP cleavage [44], inhibits 5α-reductase [47] and uPA [46]