Table 2. Study participant characteristics: distributions of implicit and explicit racial discrimination measures, psychosocial variables, and smoking: 504 black US-born and 501 white US-born community health center members, My Body My Story (Boston, MA, 2008–2010).
| Variable | Observed data | Missing: N (%) | |||
| Black | White | Black | White | ||
| Racial discrimination | |||||
| Explici t | |||||
| Racial discrimination (Experiences of Discrimination [EOD]): | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | |||
| continuous (range: 0–9) (mean (SD)) | 3.8 (2.7) | 1.2 (1.7) | |||
| categorical (%): | 0 situations | 14.1 | 50.2 | ||
| 1–2 situations | 21.7 | 32.2 | |||
| 3+ situations | 64.1 | 17.6 | |||
| Everyday discrimination (EDS): | 9 (1.8) | 4 (0.8) | |||
| EDS (any): continuous (range: 0–5) (mean (SD)) | 2.5 (1.6) | 2.2 (1.5) | |||
| EDS (any): categorical (%): | 86.3 | 85.1 | |||
| EDS (race)*: continuous for unfair treatment due to race (range: 0–5) (mean (SD)) | 1.8 (1.8) | 0.5 (1.3) | |||
| EDS (race)*: categorical (%): | report unfair treatment (>1 x/yr) due to race | 59.2 | 18.5 | ||
| Worried about racial discrimination (%): | as a child, against self | 70.2 | 20.2 | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.4) |
| as a child, against own racial/ethnic group | 69.8 | 30.1 | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.4) | |
| in last year, against self | 64.0 | 20.8 | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.4) | |
| in last year, against own racial/ethnic group | 71.8 | 31.5 | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.4) | |
| Implicit | |||||
| IAT effect (mean, SD, p-value): | Total Black vs White (de-trended and centered on w/b/t/m) | 0.26 (0.32) ‡ | 0.13 (0.39) ‡ | 10 (2.0) | 10 (2.0) |
| Total Me vs Them (de-trended and centered on w/b/t/m) | 0.24 (0.36) ‡ | 0.19 (0.34) ‡ | 11 (2.2) | 10 (2.0) | |
| Psychosocial measures | |||||
| Response to unfair treatment (%): | take action and talk to others (act/talk) | 68.2 | 64.3 | 1 (0.2) | 0 |
| take action and keep to self (act/quiet) | 9.3 | 10.0 | |||
| accept as fact of life and talk to others (accept/talk) | 14.7 | 16.4 | |||
| accept as fact of life and keep to self (accept/quiet) | 7.8 | 9.4 | |||
| Racial/ethnic centrality (range: 1–5) (mean (SD)) | 3.3 (0.7) | 2.5 (0.7) | 1 (0.2) | 4 (1.0) | |
| Social desirability: continuous (range: 0–100) (mean (SD)) | 43.8 (31.7) | 28.2 (29.5) | 27 (5.4) | 11 (2.2) | |
| Hostility: continuous (range: 8–40) (mean (SD)) | 18.9 (6.3) | 18.4 (6.1) | 27 (5.4) | 11 (2.2) | |
| Smoking (%): | current smoker | 43.8 | 34.5 | 0 | 0 |
| ex-smoker | 16.9 | 34.5 | |||
| never smoker | 39.3 | 30.9 | |||
Note: values in bold indicate that, for the specified variables, the difference in distribution by race/ethnicity is statistically significant (p<0.05), using relevant non-parametric tests.
*“race” includes, as specified reasons, “race” and “ancestry or national origin”; all non-racial exposures scored as 0.
‡
IAT effect (within racial/ethnic group) statistically significant (p<0.001).