Table 10. Association of smoking (current smoker vs all others) with explicit measure of racial discrimination (EDS (any)), implicit measures of racial discrimination, and covariates: odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for analyses within and comparing the 504 black US-born and 501 white US-born participants, My Body My Story (Boston, MA, 2008–2010)(imputed data).
Variables | Black | White | Black-White comparison | |||||||||
Multivariable | Multivariable | Multivariable | ||||||||||
Univariate | Model 1a | Model 1b | Model 1c | Univariate | Model 2a | Model 2b | Model 2c | Model 3a | Model 3b | Model 3c | Model 3d | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR(95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Discrimination: Explicit | ||||||||||||
EDS (any) | 1.00 (0.89, 1.11) | 0.94 (0.83, 1.06) | – | 0.93 (0.82, 1.05) | 1.15 (1.02, 1.29) | 0.97 (0.84, 1.13) | – | 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) | – | – | 1.05 (0.93, 1.20) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.16) |
EDS (any)×race/ethnicity | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.89 (0.75, 1.06) | 0.94 (0.79, 1.13) |
Discrimination: Implicit * | ||||||||||||
IAT: black vs white as target | 0.61 (0.37, 1.01) | – | 0.67 (0.38, 1.21) | 0.66 (0.37, 1.20) | 0.71 (0.46, 1.09) | – | 0.74 (0.42, 1.30) | 0.73 (0.42, 1.29) | – | – | 0.63 (0.39, 1.00) | 0.81 (0.49, 1.36) |
IAT (Black vs white)×race/ethnicity | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.82 (0.41, 1.63) | 0.77 (0.37, 1.59) |
IAT: me vs them as target | 1.21 (0.74, 1.97) | – | 1.45 (0.85, 2.47) | 1.48 (0.86, 2.54) | 1.59 (0.91, 2.79) | – | 1.35 (0.71, 2.60) | 1.35 (0.70, 2.60) | – | – | 1.72 (0.96, 3.10) | 1.45 (0.78, 2.68) |
IAT (Me vs them)×race/ethnicity | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.83 (0.38, 1.79) | 0.99 (0.44, 2.20) |
Covariates | ||||||||||||
Race/ethnicity: Black | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.50 (1.16, 1.94) | 1.01 (0.76, 1.34) | 2.38 (1.42, 3.99) | 1.38 (0.79, 2.38) |
White (referent group) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Age (years) | 0.98 (0.96, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.96, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.00) | 0.97 (0.95, 1.00) | 0.96 (0.94, 0.99) | 0.97 (0.94, 0.99) | 0.96 (0.94, 0.99) | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99) | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99) | 0.97 (0.96, 0.99) |
Gender: men vs women (referent group) | 1.57 (1.08, 2.30) | 1.71 (1.13, 2.57) | 1.66 (1.10, 2.51) | 1.75 (1.16, 2.66) | 1.04 (0.71, 1.53) | 0.89 (0.57, 1.40) | 0.98 (0.62, 1.54) | 0.96 (0.60, 1.53) | 1.32 (1.01, 1.73) | 1.37 (1.03, 1.83) | 1.31 (0.98, 1.75) | 1.32 (0.97, 1.79) |
women (referent group) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Poverty: <200% poverty | 1.56 (1.07, 2.27) | 1.43 (0.96, 2.13) | 1.37 (0.93, 2.04) | 1.44 (0.96, 2.16) | 1.37 (0.93, 2.01) | 0.76 (0.49, 1.19) | 0.78 (0.50, 1.22) | 0.78 (0.50, 1.22) | – | 1.07 (0.80, 1.43) | – | 1.09 (0.81, 1.46) |
> = 200% poverty (referent group) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 |
Education: <HS | 2.65 (1.36, 5.14) | 1.94 (0.94, 4.00) | 2.18 (1.07, 4.46) | 1.91 (0.92, 3.97) | 13.25 (6.25, 28.11) | 8.75 (3.77, 20.33) | 7.98 (3.42, 18.61) | 8.14 (3.47, 19.09) | – | 4.17 (2.48, 7.00) | – | 4.01 (2.34, 6.87) |
> = HS and <4 yrs college | 2.35 (1.36, 4.04) | 1.90 (1.06, 3.40) | 1.88 (1.05, 3.36) | 1.87 (1.04, 3.37) | 5.87 (3.45, 10.01) | 4.38 (2.42, 7.93) | 4.18 (2.31, 7.56) | 4.16 (2.28, 7.58) | – | 2.92 (1.95, 4.36) | – | 2.92 (1.94, 4.41) |
> = 4 yrs college (referent group) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 |
Wealth: No (<$5000) | 3.52 (1.51, 8.21) | 3.13 (1.27, 7.74) | 2.83 (1.16, 6.93) | 2.98 (1.20, 7.41) | 5.93 (3.40, 10.33) | 3.36 (1.78, 6.37) | 3.24 (1.71, 6.14) | 3.23 (1.70, 6.15) | – | 3.39 (2.09, 5.51) | – | 3.25 (1.98, 5.33) |
Yes (> = $5000) (referent group) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 |
Response to unfair treatment: act/quiet | 1.35 (0.73, 2.49) | 1.14 (0.59, 2.21) | – | 1.10 (0.57, 2.13) | 1.58 (0.86, 2.89) | 1.17 (0.58, 2.34) | – | 1.15 (0.57, 2.33) | – | – | 1.27 (0.81, 1.99) | 1.10 (0.69, 1.77) |
accept./talk | 1.41 (0.85, 2.34) | 1.80 (1.03, 3.15) | – | 1.76 (1.00, 3.08) | 0.83 (0.49, 1.41) | 0.69 (0.38, 1.24) | – | 0.68 (0.37, 1.23) | – | – | 1.10 (0.76, 1.59) | 1.08 (0.73, 1.61) |
accept/quiet | 1.34 (0.69, 2.61) | 1.35 (0.66, 2.76) | – | 1.37 (0.67, 2.83) | 1.49 (0.80, 2.78) | 1.08 (0.53, 2.23) | – | 1.04 (0.50, 2.15) | – | – | 1.34 (0.84, 2.16) | 1.20 (0.73, 1.97) |
act/talk (referent group) | 1.0 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | – | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Social desirability (per 10 units of scale) | 0.94 (0.89, 1.00) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.00) | 0.94 (0.89, 1.00) | 0.94 (0.88, 0.99) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) | – | – | 0.98 (0.94, 1.03) | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) |
Hostility | 1.03 (0.99, 1.06) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 1.10 (1.06, 1.15) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.13) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.13) | – | – | 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | 1.03 (1.00, 1.07) |
Note: values in bold have 95% CI that do not cross 1.00;
*IAT analyses control for IAT order effects.