Table 11. Association of smoking (current smoker vs all others) with explicit measure of racial discrimination (EDS (race)), implicit measures of racial discrimination, and covariates: odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for analyses within and comparing the 504 black US-born and 501 white US-born participants, My Body My Story (Boston, MA, 2008–2010)(imputed data).
| Variables | Black | White | Black-White comparison | |||||||||
| Multivariable | Multivariable | Multivariable | ||||||||||
| Univariate | Model 1a | Model 1b | Model 1c | Univariate | Model 2a | Model 2b | Model 2c | Model 3a | Model 3b | Model 3c | Model 3d | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR(95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Discrimination: Explicit | ||||||||||||
| EDS (race) | 1.04 (0.94, 1.14) | 1.04 (0.93, 1.15) | – | 1.03 (0.93, 1.15) | 1.16 (1.01, 1.34) | 1.09 (0.93, 1.29) | – | 1.11 (0.94, 1.31) | – | – | 1.10 (0.95, 1.27) | 1.10 (0.94, 1.28) |
| EDS (any)×race/ethnicity | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.92 (0.77, 1.09) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.16) |
| Discrimination: Implicit * | ||||||||||||
| IAT: black vs white as target | 0.61 (0.37, 1.01) | – | 0.67 (0.38, 1.21) | 0.68 (0.38, 1.24) | 0.71 (0.46, 1.09) | – | 0.74 (0.42, 1.30) | 0.73 (0.41, 1.28) | – | – | 0.64 (0.40, 1.02) | 0.83 (0.50, 1.38) |
| IAT (Black vs white)×race/ethnicity | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.81 (0.41, 1.62) | 0.77 (0.37, 1.60) |
| IAT: me vs them as target | 1.21 (0.74, 1.97) | – | 1.45 (0.85, 2.47) | 1.44 (0.84, 2.47) | 1.59 (0.91, 2.79) | – | 1.35 (0.71, 2.60) | 1.33 (0.69, 2.56) | – | – | 1.71 (0.95, 3.07) | 1.43 (0.78, 2.65) |
| IAT (Me vs them)×race/ethnicity | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.83 (0.38, 1.79) | 0.97 (0.44, 2.16) |
| Covariates | ||||||||||||
| Race/ethnicity: Black | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.50 (1.16, 1.94) | 1.01 (0.76, 1.34) | 1.87 (1.28, 2.72) | 1.12 (0.75, 1.68) |
| White (referent group) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Age (years) | 0.98 (0.96, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.96, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.00) | 0.97 (0.95, 1.00) | 0.96 (0.94, 0.99) | 0.97 (0.94, 0.99) | 0.96 (0.94, 0.99) | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99) | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99) | 0.97 (0.96, 0.99) |
| Gender: men vs women (referent group) | 1.57 (1.08, 2.30) | 1.63 (1.08, 2.47) | 1.66 (1.10, 2.51) | 1.68 (1.11, 2.54) | 1.04 (0.71, 1.53) | 0.88 (0.56, 1.38) | 0.98 (0.62, 1.54) | 0.95 (0.59, 1.51) | 1.32 (1.01, 1.73) | 1.37 (1.03, 1.83) | 1.29 (0.97, 1.72) | 1.28 (0.95, 1.74) |
| women (referent group) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Poverty: <200% poverty | 1.56 (1.07, 2.27) | 1.39 (0.94, 2.07) | 1.37 (0.93, 2.04) | 1.40 (0.94, 2.08) | 1.37 (0.93, 2.01) | 0.76 (0.49, 1.19) | 0.78 (0.50, 1.22) | 0.78 (0.49, 1.22) | – | 1.07 (0.80, 1.43) | – | 1.07 (0.80, 1.44) |
| > = 200% poverty (referent group) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 |
| Education: <HS | 2.65 (1.36, 5.14) | 2.06 (1.00, 4.28) | 2.18 (1.07, 4.46) | 2.02 (0.96, 4.23) | 13.25 (6.25, 28.11) | 8.92 (3.83, 20.77) | 7.98 (3.42, 18.61) | 8.33 (3.54, 19.58) | – | 4.17 (2.48, 7.00) | – | 4.22 (2.46, 7.24) |
| > = HS and <4 yrs college | 2.35 (1.36, 4.04) | 1.94 (1.08, 3.47) | 1.88 (1.05, 3.36) | 1.90 (1.05, 3.43) | 5.87 (3.45, 10.01) | 4.44 (2.45, 8.05) | 4.18 (2.31, 7.56) | 4.26 (2.33, 7.77) | – | 2.92 (1.95, 4.36) | – | 2.99 (1.98, 4.52) |
| > = 4 yrs college (referent group) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 |
| Wealth: No (<$5000) | 3.52 (1.51, 8.21) | 3.29 (1.34, 8.09) | 2.83 (1.16, 6.93) | 3.13 (1.26, 7.73) | 5.93 (3.40, 10.33) | 3.29 (1.73, 6.26) | 3.24 (1.71, 6.14) | 3.15 (1.65, 6.02) | – | 3.39 (2.09, 5.51) | – | 3.26 (1.99, 5.36) |
| Yes (> = $5000) (referent group) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 |
| Response to unfair treatment: act/quiet | 1.35 (0.73, 2.49) | 1.12 (0.58, 2.17) | – | 1.08 (0.56, 2.09) | 1.58 (0.86, 2.89) | 1.13 (0.56, 2.27) | – | 1.11 (0.55, 2.25) | – | – | 1.24 (0.79, 1.95) | 1.08 (0.67, 1.73) |
| accept./talk | 1.41 (0.85, 2.34) | 1.72 (0.99, 2.98) | – | 1.66 (0.95, 2.90) | 0.83 (0.49, 1.41) | 0.68 (0.38, 1.24) | – | 0.68 (0.37, 1.23) | – | – | 1.08 (0.75, 1.56) | 1.06 (0.72, 1.57) |
| accept/quiet | 1.34 (0.69, 2.61) | 1.34 (0.66, 2.75) | – | 1.36 (0.66, 2.82) | 1.49 (0.80, 2.78) | 1.06 (0.51, 2.17) | – | 1.01 (0.49, 2.09) | – | – | 1.35 (0.84, 2.16) | 1.19 (0.72, 1.95) |
| act/talk (referent group) | 1.0 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | – | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Social desirability (per 10 units of scale) | 0.94 (0.89, 1.00) | 0.94 (0.89, 1.00) | 0.94 (0.89, 1.00) | 0.94 (0.89, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.05) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.05) | – | – | 0.98 (0.94, 1.03) | 0.95 (0.91, 1.00) |
| Hostility | 1.03 (0.99, 1.06) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | 1.10 (1.06, 1.15) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.12) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.12) | – | – | 1.05 (1.01, 1.08) | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) |
Note: values in bold have 95% CI that do not cross 1.00;
*IAT analyses control for IAT order effects.