IP-10 produced by PBMC from healthy (A) and asthmatic (B) donors cultured for 24 h with RV16 in the presence of budesonide (Bud, 10−8 M) and/or formoterol (Form, 10−8 M) as indicated. Box and whisker plots show median, interquartile range, 10th and 90th percentiles for data. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of anti-viral genes MxA and OAS expression in healthy donors (C and E, n = 8) and asthmatic donors (D and F, n = 12). Significant differences by Friedman ANOVA and Dunn's multiple comparison test for unstimulated versus RV16-stimulated cultures (+++, p<0.005) and between RV16 versus RV16 with drugs were assessed by Friedman ANOVA and Dunn's multiple comparison test (*, p<0.05; **, p<0.005, ***, p<0.001). To show the effects of the drugs on gene expression the data for asthmatics is shown on a different scale to that from healthy donors.