Table 1.
Baseline characteristics in the ADVANCE population by region
| Asia | EME | Eastern Europe | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 4,136 | 4,862 | 2,142 | |
| Age (years) | 64.5 ± 5.7 | 67.1 ± 6.4 | 65.3 ± 6.9 | <0.0001 |
| Women | 1,926 (46.6) | 1,614 (33.2) | 1,193 (55.7) | <0.0001 |
| Age diabetes first diagnosed (years) | 56.1 ± 8.3 | 59.6 ± 8.8 | 57.1 ± 8.6 | <0.0001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 8 (3–12) | 6 (3–11) | 7 (3–12) | <0.0001 |
| History of macrovascular disease | 1,261 (30.5) | 1,558 (32.0) | 771 (36.0) | <0.0001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 264 (6.4) | 734 (15.1) | 336 (15.7) | <0.0001 |
| Stroke | 576 (13.9) | 275 (5.7) | 172 (8.0) | <0.0001 |
| Other | 3,335 (80.6) | 3,910 (80.4) | 1,666 (77.8) | 0.02 |
| History of microvascular disease | 496 (12.0) | 461 (9.5) | 198 (9.2) | 0.44 |
| Macroalbuminuria | 178 (4.3) | 151 (3.1) | 75 (3.5) | 0.80 |
| Microalbuminuria | 1,272 (31.5) | 1,079 (23.6) | 506 (25.0) | 0.19 |
| Eye disease | 340 (8.2) | 327 (6.7) | 128 (6.0) | 0.08 |
| Current smoking | 561 (13.6) | 627 (12.9) | 362 (16.9) | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.3 ± 3.4 | 30.0 ± 5.3 | 30.6 ± 5.0 | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 90.1 ± 9.4 | 103.6 ± 12.7 | 103.4 ± 11.8 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 8.55 ± 3.00 | 8.32 ± 2.50 | 8.76 ± 2.88 | <0.0001 |
| Nonstandardized HbA1c (%) | 7.75 ± 1.76 | 7.28 ± 1.22 | 7.60 ± 1.73 | <0.0001 |
| Standardized HbA1c (%)* | 7.72 ± 1.87 | 7.26 ± 1.30 | 7.52 ± 1.78 | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 141.1 ± 21.7 | 146.1 ± 20.7 | 150.0 ± 21.7 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78.8 ± 10.9 | 80.5 ± 10.4 | 84.5 ± 11.1 | <0.0001 |
| Serum LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.18 ± 1.01 | 2.90 ± 1.00 | 3.50 ± 1.05 | <0.0001 |
| Serum HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.29 ± 0.37 | 1.22 ± 0.34 | 1.26 ± 0.33 | <0.0001 |
| Serum triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.60 (1.10–2.30) | 1.62 (1.20–2.30) | 1.77 (1.27–2.50) | <0.0001 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 80 (66–96) | 86 (74–100) | 85 (74–98) | <0.0001 |
| Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio | 18.0 (8.8–49.0) | 13.3 (6.2–32.7) | 12.6 (5.3–34.9) | <0.0001 |
Data are means ± SD, n (%), or quartile 2 (quartile 1–quartile 3) unless otherwise indicated. Triglycerides, HbA1c, creatinine, and albumin-to-creatinine ratio were tested after transforming to approximate normality. The P value is for a test of equality between the regions after adjustment for age, sex, and duration of diabetes.
*Standardized by analyses on common standard samples (5). (All other results quoted in this article are unstandardized.)