Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population and risk for new-onset hyperglycemia during follow-up, by classes of mean daily W-Intake
| Daily W-Intake (L) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <0.5 |
0.5 to 1.0 |
>1.0 |
P for difference |
|
| General | ||||
| n | 677 | 1,754 | 1,184 | |
| Men (%) | 48.6 | 47.9 | 45.4 | 0.31 |
| Age (years) | 46.4 (9.9) | 47.3 (10.0) | 46.3 (9.9) | 0.001 |
| BMI( kg/m2) | 24.1 (3.5) | 24.4 (3.5) | 24.7 (3.8) | 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 81.6 (10.7) | 82.3 (11.0) | 82.7 (11.6) | 0.026 |
| Physical activity (%) | 0.0001 | |||
| Low | 28.7 | 25.7 | 19.4 | |
| Medium | 56.1 | 54.6 | 52.6 | |
| High | 15.2 | 19.8 | 28.0 | |
| Tobacco smoking (%) | 0.0001 | |||
| Never smokers | 47.7 | 55.9 | 57.8 | |
| Ex-smokers | 26.3 | 26.6 | 24.1 | |
| Current smokers | 26.0 | 17.5 | 18.2 | |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) (%) | 0.0001 | |||
| Nonconsumers | 22.0 | 23.0 | 30.7 | |
| 1–10 | 24.7 | 27.2 | 31.2 | |
| 10–20 | 8.1 | 8.4 | 6.7 | |
| >20 | 45.2 | 41.3 | 31.4 | |
| Creatininemia (μmol/L) | 81.2 (13.0) | 81.6 (13.0) | 81.0 (12.9) | 0.39 |
| C-reactive protein* | 1.00 (0.85–2.64) | 0.87 (0.85–2.00) | 0.85 (0.85–2.00) | 0.49 |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| Systolic (mmHg) | 129 (15) | 131 (15) | 130 (15) | 0.32 |
| Diastolic (mmHg) | 79 (10) | 80 (9) | 79 (9) | 0.21 |
| Hypertension (%) | 32.5 | 34.3 | 32.4 | 0.50 |
| Treated THZD/Furo (%) | 3.7 | 2.2 | 3.2 | 0.07 |
| Metabolic data | ||||
| Family history diabetes (%) | 20.6 | 19.0 | 19.3 | 0.67 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.21 (0.45) | 5.22 (0.44) | 5.17 (0.44) | 0.72 |
| Fasting insulinemia (pmol/L) | 42.7 (23.3) | 45.0 (24.7) | 44.1 (27.6) | 0.08 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.40 (0.80) | 1.48 (0.87) | 1.43 (0.96) | 0.10 |
| HOMA-B | 63 (46–89) | 66 (46–92) | 65 (47–91) | 0.15 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.76 (0.97) | 5.72 (0.97) | 5.66 (0.98) | 0.007 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.14 (0.85) | 1.09 (0.66) | 1.09 (0.65) | 0.15 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)** | 1.64 (0.41) | 1.66 (0.43) | 1.64 (0.44) | 0.44 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)** | 3.39 (0.83) | 3.35 (0.89) | 3.32 (0.90) | 0.032 |
| Other drinks | ||||
| Mean volume of sweet drinks (L) (%) | 0.0001 | |||
| <0.5 | 92.0 | 95.5 | 97.0 | |
| 0.5 to 1.0 | 6.9 | 4.3 | 1.9 | |
| >1.0 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.1 | |
| Mean volume of wine/day (L) (%) | 0.0001 | |||
| <0.5 | 89.1 | 93.9 | 96.4 | |
| 0.5 to 1.0 | 9.9 | 6.1 | 3.6 | |
| >1.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | |
| Mean volume of beer or cider (L) (%) | 0.056 | |||
| <0.5 | 96.9 | 98.1 | 98.7 | |
| 0.5 to 1.0 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 1.1 | |
| Urine | ||||
| Urine density (× 1,000) | 1,019.6 (8.0) | 1,019.3 (9.1) | 1,017.9 (9.6) | 0.0001 |
| ORs for new-onset hyperglycemia | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.64 (0.49–0.83) | 0.73 (0.55–0.97) | 0.003 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (reference) | 0.68 (0.52–0.89) | 0.79 (0.59–1.05) | 0.016 |
Data are means (SD) or medians (25th–75th percentiles) for continuous variables and percentages of patients for categorical variables. THZD, thiazidic diuretics; Furo, furosemide; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment index of insulin resistance; HOMA-B, homeostatic model assessment index of insulin secretion. Hypertension was defined as systolic or diastolic blood pressure >140 or 90, respectively, or treated with antihypertensive drugs. ORs (95% CIs) for the association between daily W-Intake at baseline and the risk of incident hyperglycemia (fasting plasma glucose ≥6.1 mmol/L or treatment for diabetes) are presented according to two statistical models; variables for adjustment were either known risk factors for type 2 diabetes or factors associated (P < 0.10) with hyperglycemia and W-Intake in our population. Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, baseline FG, physical activity, smoking status, triglycerides, HOMA-IR, and total cholesterol. Model 2: Further adjusted on self-reported intake of other fluids (i.e., volumes of beer or cider, sweet drinks, and wine consumed per day). Significant P values (<0.05) are in boldface.
*The C-reactive protein was available for only 181, 466, and 333 subjects in the three classes of W-Intake, respectively.
**HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were not available for 28 and 26 subjects, respectively.