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. 2011 Sep 17;79(4):729–747. doi: 10.3797/scipharm.1107-19

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© Hill et al.; licensee Österreichische Apotheker-Verlagsgesellschaft m. b. H., Vienna, Austria.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 5 — Lowest-energy orientation of the π–π complex between doxorubicin and caffeine. (A) Face-to face orientation of caffeine (ball and spoke model) in its lowest-energy orientation with doxorubicin (tube model). (B) Molecular dipoles of doxorubicin (top) and caffeine (bottom). (C) LUMO of doxorubicin (top) and HOMO of caffeine (bottom). (D) Frontier molecular orbital overlap of caffeine with doxorubicin in the lowest-energy orientation. (E) Electrostatic potential maps of doxorubicin (top) and caffeine (bottom). (F) Electrostatic potential map of the lowest-energy π–π complex between doxorubicin and caffeine.