Table 2.
Association of Demographic Characteristics, Health Service Use, and Mental Health Diagnoses With Nicotine Dependence Among Veterans,a 2008-2009
| Characteristic/Use/Diagnosis | Likelihood of Nicotine Dependence Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| OR (95% CI)b (n = 749,535) | P Valuec | |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Male | 1.5 (1.5-1.5) | <.001 |
| Veteran status | ||
| Other war eras | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| OIF/OEF | 0.4 (0.4-0.5) | <.001 |
| Homeless status | ||
| Not homeless | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Homeless | 1.2 (1.1-1.2) | <.001 |
| Aged | 0.8 (0.8-0.8) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Other | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| White/unknown | 1.1 (1.0-1.3) | .006 |
| Black | 1.3 (1.2-1.4) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.8 (0.8-0.9) | <.001 |
| Urban/rural residence | ||
| Urban | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Large rural | 1.3 (1.3-1.3) | <.001 |
| Small rural | 1.3 (1.3-1.3) | <.001 |
| Isolated rural | 1.4 (1.3-1.4) | <.001 |
| Annual income, $ | ||
| <7,000 | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| 7,000-14,999 | 1.5 (1.5-1.6) | <.001 |
| 15,000-24,999 | 1.3 (1.3-1.3) | <.001 |
| ≥25,000 | 1.1 (1.1-1.1) | <.001 |
| Disability status | ||
| Not service-connected | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Service-connected, <50% disabled | 0.8 (0.8-0.8) | <.001 |
| Service-connected, ≥50% disabled | 0.8 (0.8-0.8) | <.001 |
| Mental health service use | ||
| None | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Any | 1.3 (1.3-1.3) | <.001 |
| Mental health diagnosis | ||
| Not having the diagnosis | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Dementia | 0.5 (0.5-0.6) | <.001 |
| Schizophrenia | 1.8 (1.7-1.8) | <.001 |
| Bipolar disorder | 1.2 (1.2-1.2) | <.001 |
| Major depression | 1.1 (1.0-1.1) | <.001 |
| Anxiety disordere | 1.1 (1.1-1.1) | <.001 |
| PTSD | 1.2 (1.2-1.2) | <.001 |
| Alcohol use disorder | 3.2 (3.1-3.2) | <.001 |
| Drug use disorder | 1.8 (1.8-1.9) | <.001 |
| Personality disorder | 1.0 (1.0-1.0) | .03 |
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; OEF/OIF, Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom; NA, not applicable; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.
a
Among veterans for whom nicotine dependence diagnosis was documented in administrative records of the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health system.
b
Veterans with nicotine dependence represent 14.9% of all VA health system users (N = 5,031,381).
c
Calculated by using the χ2 test.
d
OR for age represents odds with every increase of 10 years.
e
Excludes PTSD.