Table 3.
Logistic Regression Results for Racial/Ethnic Disparities in the Quality of Care for Patients with Diabetes (n = 2,452), by Quality Indicators, 2005-2007 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveya
| Independent Variable | Received ≥2 HbA1C Tests in the Past Year | Received Foot Examination in the Past Year | Received Eye Examination in the Past Year | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| AOR (95% CI) | P Value | AOR ( 95% CI) | P Value | AOR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Female sex | 1.14 (0.96-1.35) | .13 | 1.10 (0.90-1.35) | .34 | 1.14 (0.93-1.40) | .20 |
| Age, y | ||||||
| 18-24 | 1 [Reference] | |||||
| 25-34 | 0.51 (0.06-2.36) | .84 | 0.41 (0.05-2.25) | .82 | 0.44 (0.06-2.44) | .81 |
| 35-44 | 0.81 (0.10-2.65) | .95 | 0.66 (0.08-2.63) | .92 | 0.45 (0.09-2.72) | .82 |
| 45-54 | 0.90 (0.14-3.36) | .97 | 0.64 (0.13-3.41) | .91 | 0.58 (0.13-3.43) | .87 |
| 55-64 | 0.97 (0.16-4.08) | .99 | 0.74 (0.15-4.09) | .94 | 0.63 (0.16-4.15) | .90 |
| 65-74 | 0.75 (0.12-3.41) | .93 | 0.79 (0.10-3.45) | .95 | 0.68 (0.13-3.43) | .91 |
| ≥75 | 0.82 (0.12-3.43) | .95 | 0.85 (0.11-3.55) | .97 | 0.85 (0.11-3.40) | .96 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1 [Reference] | |||||
| Black | 1.10 (0.85-1.42) | .48 | 1.31 (1.00-1.72) | .05 | 0.86 (0.63-1.17) | .33 |
| Hispanic | 1.13 (0.87-1.46) | .35 | 0.76 (0.57-1.03) | .08 | 0.80 (0.60-1.06) | .11 |
| Asian | 0.44 (0.20-0.98) | .04 | 0.35 (0.15-0.81) | .02 | 0.67 (0.33-1.38) | .27 |
| Education | ||||||
| No high school degree | 1 [Reference] | |||||
| High school degree | 0.81 (0.66-1.00) | .05 | 0.80 (0.65-0.99) | .04 | 1.16 (0.91-1.47) | .22 |
| College degree | 1.11 (0.77-1.60) | .56 | 0.97 (0.62-1.50) | .87 | 1.53 (1.05-2.22) | .03 |
| Graduate degree | 0.98 (0.62-1.54) | .93 | 1.11 (0.61-2.00) | .73 | 0.92 (0.51-1.64) | .77 |
| Income as % of FPLb | ||||||
| <100 | 1 [Reference] | |||||
| 100-199 | 1.15 (0.84-1.57) | .39 | 1.04 (0.79-1.38) | .77 | 1.21 (0.89-1.65) | .22 |
| 200-400 | 1.29 (0.91-1.84) | .15 | 1.00 (0.72-1.40) | .99 | 1.45 (1.03-2.04) | .04 |
| >400 | 1.32 (0.99-1.76) | .06 | 1.36 (1.00-1.85) | .05 | 1.81 (1.18-2.77) | .01 |
| Insurance status | ||||||
| Private insurance | 1 [Reference] | |||||
| Public insurance | 1.02 (0.83-1.24) | .86 | 1.33 (1.05-1.68) | .02 | 0.94 (0.72-1.21) | .61 |
| Uninsured | 0.91 (0.65-1.26) | .55 | 0.78 (0.53-1.15) | .21 | 0.48 (0.32-0.72) | .001 |
| Health status/conditions | ||||||
| Fair/poor health | 1.22 (0.98-1.53) | .08 | 1.37 (1.10-1.71) | .01 | 0.96 (0.77-1.19) | .70 |
| Obese | 1.03 (0.86-1.24) | .74 | 1.05 (0.87-1.28) | .60 | 1.03 (0.80-1.33) | .80 |
| Cardiovascular comorbidity | 1.34 (1.04-1.71) | .02 | 1.39 (1.03-1.87) | .03 | 1.24 (0.88-1.74) | .21 |
| Current smoker | 1.01 (0.78-1.31) | .92 | 1.08 (0.81-1.43) | .61 | 0.72 (0.55-0.93) | .01 |
| Region | ||||||
| Northeast | 1 [Reference] | |||||
| Midwest | 1.01 (0.69-1.48) | .97 | 0.61 (0.43-0.87) | .01 | 0.96 (0.69-1.33) | .81 |
| South | 0.91 (0.67-1.24) | .56 | 0.69 (0.54-0.89) | .004 | 0.79 (0.56-1.13) | .19 |
| West | 0.82 (0.56-1.20) | .30 | 0.78 (0.60-1.01) | .06 | 0.84 (0.62-1.14) | .26 |
Abbreviations: HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; FPL, federal poverty level.
Data are pooled for the 2005, 2006, and 2007 waves of the household component of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. The sample was restricted to unique individuals in each of the rounds of the pooled data. There are no repeated observations for the same individual across the different rounds of the year.
The set minimum amount of income that a family needs for food, clothing, transportation, shelter and other necessities and is used to determine eligibility income limits for public assistance programs as some percentage of FPL. FPL varies according to family size and is determined by the US Department of Health and Human Services.