Table 3.

Association of Covariates with Total Medicare Expenditures for Beneficiaries with Heart Failure

Characteristic	Adjusted* Cost Ratio
Hospice	1.04 (1.01–1.07)
Age
67–74	1 [reference]
75–79	0.97 (0.92–1.03)
80–84	0.89 (0.84–0.93)
85–89	0.80 (0.76–0.85)
≥90	0.65 (0.61–0.68)
Female	0.97 (0.94–1.01)
Race
White	1 [reference]
Black	1.31 (1.23–1.38)
Other	1.24 (1.14–1.35)
Region
Northeast	1 [reference]
Midwest	0.82 (0.79–0.86)
South	0.85 (0.81–0.88)
West	0.94 (0.89–0.99)
Comorbid Conditions
COPD	1.09 (1.05–1.12)
Hypertension	1.12 (1.07–1.16)
Kidney disease	1.05 (1.01–1.09)
ESRD	1.59 (1.48–1.71)
Diabetes	1.09 (1.06–1.13)
Cancer	1.08 (1.04–1.13)
Dementia	0.86 (0.82–0.91)
Cerebrovascular Disease	1.06 (1.03–1.10)
Coronary Atherosclerosis	1.13 (1.10–1.17)
Peripheral vascular disease	1.03 (0.99–1.07)
Depression	0.95 (0.91–0.99)
Hospitalizations, 6–18 months prior to death
None	1 [reference]
1–2	1.10 (1.06–1.14)
≥3	1.30 (1.24–1.36)

^*Adjusted for all other variables in table