Table 5.

Association of Hospice Care with Healthcare Utilization in the Last 6 Months of Life

Outcome	Comparison Ratio* for Hospice vs. No Hospice
	Unadjusted	Adjusted†
	Prevalence Ratio
Any Hospitalization	0.90 (0.89–0.92)	0.92 (0.90–0.93)
Heart Failure Hospitalization	0.89 (0.84–0.94)	0.93 (0.88–0.98)
Cardiovascular Hospitalization	0.83 (0.80–0.87)	0.87 (0.84–0.90)
Non-Cardiovascular Hospitalization	0.90 (0.88–0.92)	0.91 (0.89–0.93)
ICU Stay	0.73 (0.70–0.76)	0.78 (0.74–0.81)
Cardiac Catheterization	0.50 (0.42–0.60)	0.63 (0.52–0.75)
Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator	0.54 (0.39–0.76)	0.70 (0.50–0.99)
Dialysis	0.52 (0.46–0.59)	0.74 (0.68–0.81)
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy	0.51 (0.30–0.85)	0.66 (0.38–1.13)
Noninvasive Ventilation	0.63 (0.54–0.74)	0.67 (0.58–0.79)
Mechanical Ventilation	0.29 (0.26–0.32)	0.33 (0.29–0.37)
	Incident Rate Ratio
Hospitalization Rate	0.84 (0.82–0.87)	0.87 (0.84–0.89)
Hospitalization Days	0.78 (0.74–0.82)	0.78 (0.75–0.82)
ICU Days	0.61 (0.56–0.66)	0.68 (0.63–0.73)
	Cost Ratio
Total Expenditures	0.93 (0.90–0.96)	1.04 (1.00–1.07)
Non-Hospice Expenditures	0.71 (0.69–0.74)	0.77 (0.74–0.80)

^*Represents prevalence ratios for bivariate outcomes, cost ratios for cost outcomes, and incident ratios for repeated outcomes

^†Adjusted for age, gender, race, geographic location, hospitalizations in the prior year, and comorbidities