Table 2.

Emerging β-arrestin-Coupled Receptors and Signaling Events

Receptor	β-arrestin-Dependent Signaling Activity	Reference
Frizzled	recruitment of Dsh, endocytosis, activation of β-catenin, convergent extension movement	Bryja et al., 2007; Bryja et al., 2008; Chen et al., 2001; Chen et al., 2003b; Kim and Han, 2007; Kim et al., 2008a
IGF1R	endocytosis, ERK activation, Mdm2-mediated receptor ubiquitination, desensitization	Dalle et al., 2002; Dalle et al., 2001; Girnita et al., 2005; Girnita et al., 2007; Hupfeld et al., 2005; Lin et al., 1998
Insulin receptor	interaction with Akt and Src	Luan et al., 2009
Notch	ubiquitination of Notch	Mukherjee et al., 2005
Smoothened	internalization, translocation to primary cilia, transcriptional activation	Chen et al., 2004; Kovacs et al., 2008; Meloni et al., 2006; Wilbanks et al., 2004
TβRIII	internalization/endocytosis, downregulation of Smad and p38 signaling, Cdc42 activation	Chen et al., 2003a; Finger et al., 2008; Mythreye and Blobe, 2009
Endoglin	ERK activation	Lee and Blobe, 2007