Table 3.

Treatment measures in the different treatment phases

Phase of treatment	Reduction	Retention	Maturation
Measure of treatment	Manual reduction by flexion >100° and abduction <50°: “squatting” position (=“safe zone” of SALTER’s “human position”)	Non-removable plaster cast in this “squatting” position for 4 weeks	Removable “functional” bracing in this position until a Graf-type-1 is documented
Pathobiomechanical phase	Decentered	Unstable	Maturational deficit
Sonographic Graf-types	4, 3, D	2c-unstable	2c-stable, 2b, 2a-minus