Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| GEF <20% (n = 12) | GEF ≥20% (n = 20) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | |||
| Age | 66 ± 7 | 61 ± 7 | 0.082 |
| Male/female | 9/3 | 16/4 | 1.000 |
| APACHE II | 9 ± 4 | 9 ± 3 | 0.690 |
| Coronary artery/major vascular surgery | 5/7 | 13/7 | 0.2777 |
| CPB yes/no | 4/1 | 9/4 | 0.648 |
| time of CPB, minute | 97 ± 72 | 78 ± 58 | 0.564 |
| Echocardiography (LVEF before surgery) good (≥40%)/poor (<40%) | 3/9 | 16/4 | 1.000 |
| Hemodynamic and respiratory variables | |||
| HR, b/minute | |||
| T = 0 | 75 ± 11 | 68 ± 12 | 0.112 |
| T = 90 | 72 ± 12 | 72 ± 141 | 0.101 (for increase) |
| MAP, mmHg | |||
| T = 0 | 85 ± 15 | 74 ± 12 | 0.034 |
| T = 90 | 92 ± 19 | 84 ± 102 | 0.608 (for increase) |
| CVP, mmHg | |||
| T = 0 | 5 ± 2 | 3 ± 2 | 0.047 |
| T = 30 | 7 ± 3 | 5 ± 2 | n.a. |
| T = 60 | 8 ± 3 | 6 ± 2 | n.a. |
| T = 90 | 8 ± 23 | 7 ± 23 | 0.813 (for increase) |
| MPAP, mmHg | |||
| T = 0 | 17 ± 6 | 15 ± 4 | 0.260 |
| T = 90 | 2 ± 353 | 21 ± 43 | 0.627 (for increase) |
| PAOP, mmHg | |||
| T = 0 | 6 ± 3 | 7 ± 3 | 0.477 |
| T = 30 | 9 ± 2 | 9 ± 2 | n.a. |
| T = 60 | 11 ± 3 | 10 ± 3 | n.a. |
| T = 90 | 12 ± 23 | 11 ± 23 | 0.037 (for increase) |
| GEDVI, mL/m2 | |||
| T = 0 | 1,049 ± 247 | 830 ± 195 | 0.009 |
| T = 30 | 1,132 ± 360 | 840 ± 174 | n.a. |
| T = 60 | 1,170 ± 387 | 857 ± 171 | n.a. |
| T = 90 | 1,220 ± 476 | 861 ± 189 | 0.089 (for increase) |
| SVI, mL/m2 | |||
| T = 0 | 42 ± 10 | 52 ± 12 | 0.022 |
| T = 90 | 47 ± 94 | 56 ± 145 | 0.030 (for increase) |
| CI, mL/m2 | |||
| T = 0 | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 0.170 |
| T = 30 | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 3.7 ± 0.7 | n.a. |
| T = 60 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 3.9 ± 0.8 | n.a. |
| T = 90 | 3.9 ± 0.93 | 3.9 ± 0.63 | 0.101 (for increase) |
| GEF, % | |||
| T = 0 | 16 ± 4 | 25 ± 5 | n.a. |
| T = 90 | 19 ± 3 | 26 ± 4 | n.a. |
| Distensibility, mL/m2/mmHg | |||
| T = 0 | 241 ± 167 | 229 ± 124 | 0.830 |
| T = 90 | 132 ± 641 | 124 ± 602 | 0.910 (for decrease) |
| PEEP, cmH2O | |||
| T = 0 | 7.5 ± 2.0 | 6.7 ± 2.7 | 0.385 |
| Fluid infused, mL | 1,466 ± 296 | 1,585 ± 291 | 0.300 |
| Gelatin/HES/albumin | 2/3/7 | 5/8/7 | 0.436 |
| Fluid balance, mL | 1,001 ± 334 | 1,034 ± 497 | 0.839 |
Mean ± SD. APACHE II, Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation II; CI, cardiac index; CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass; CVP, central venous pressure; GEDVI, global end-diastolic volume index; GEF, global ejection fraction; HES, hydroxyethyl starch; HR, heart rate; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MPAP, mean pulmonary artery pressure; PAOP, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure; PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure. t = 0 and 90 min: prior to and at completion of fluid loading; 1P < 0.05; 2P = 0.001; 3P < 0.001; 4P = 0.017; 5P = 0.007 vs. t = 0; n.a., not applicable.