Table 3.

Total Standardized Effects (Direct+Indirect) in the A Priori Models

Life Course Factor	Global Cognition*	Episodic Memory	Semantic Memory*	Working Memory	Visuospatial Ability	Perceptual Speed
Total effects on outcome
Early-life CAS	0.061†	0.036†	0.069†	0.021†	0.034†	0.086†
Midlife CAS	0.099†	0.063†	0.111†	0.025	0.054†	0.143†
Late-life CAS	0.224†	0.143†	0.252†	0.057	0.122†	0.325†
Early-life SES	0.209†	0.126†	0.186†	0.163†	0.182†	0.180†
Adult SES	0.128†	0.034	0.165†	0.136†	0.081†	0.153†
Education	0.353†	0.232†	0.279†	0.285†	0.338†	0.257†
NART	0.309†	0.202†	0.187†	0.341†	0.163†	0.250†
Direct effects on outcome
Late-life CAS	0.224†	0.143†	0.252†	0.057	0.122†	0.325†
Adult SES	0.062	−0.009	0.114†	0.080†	0.046	0.085†
Education	0.138†	0.111†	0.085†	0.094†	0.217†	0.029
NART	0.309†	0.202†	0.187†	0.341†	0.163†	0.250†

Outcomes are adjusted for age, sex, and race.

Total effects are the sum of direct and indirect effects in the model, expressed in standardized effect size units (i.e., the perstandard deviation difference in the outcome per standard deviation difference in the predictor). Total and direct effects are conditional effects, meaning that they are estimates that reflect the simultaneous adjustment for the effects of other predictors in the model. When total effects and direct effects are the same, the factor was not mediated by any other in explaining variability in the outcome.

^*Semantic memory and global cognition differ from previous Rush Memory and Aging Project–related publications because the National Adult Reading Test (NART) was excluded in the current study.

^†P < .05.

CAS = Cognitive Activities Scale; SES = socioeconomic status.