(A–C) Wild type (wt) and CCR9−/− mice were supplemented daily with oral PBS or 2.5 mg OVA for 5 days, and then they were immunized s.c. with OVA plus CFA. After 7 days the mice were challenged with OVA in the left footpad and PBS in the right footpad. (A) DTH responses were measured after 24 hours (n=7–9 mice/group). (B, C) Total splenocytes were stimulated with 1 mg/ml OVA. (B) Cell proliferation was assessed after 72 hours. (C) Cytokines were measured in the culture supernatant after 24–48 hours. (D, E) Wt and CCR9−/− mice were supplemented daily with oral PBS or 0.25 mg MOG35–55 for 5 days, then immunized s.c. with MOG35–55 plus CFA. (D) EAE induction and progression was scored from days 11 to 25 (n=8–10 mice/group). (E) At day 16, the mice were sacrificed and total splenocytes were stimulated ex vivo with 20 μg/ml MOG35–55. T cell proliferation was measured after 72 hours (n=4 mice/group). Mean ± SEM, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, n.s.: not significant.